1 Enoch / Chapter 60

1 Enoch 60

25 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic)

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

An extensive chapter containing cosmological revelations, including the separation of the monsters Leviathan (female, in the sea) and Behemoth (male, in the wilderness of Dendain). The chapter also includes secrets of thunder, lightning, earthquakes, and the storehouses of cosmic phenomena. The narrative voice shifts, possibly including Noah material.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

The separation of Leviathan and Behemoth into female and male counterparts assigned to different cosmic regions is unique to the Enochic tradition (though it influenced 4 Ezra 6:49-52 and 2 Baruch 29:4). The monsters are not merely literary figures but represent cosmic forces held in check by God until the day of judgment. The detailed cosmological catalog — storehouses of wind, reservoirs of frost, chambers of mist — presents a comprehensive physics of the created order under divine management.

Translation Friction

This chapter is widely regarded as containing fragments of a 'Book of Noah' or other sources spliced into the Parables. The voice shifts from Enoch to what appears to be Noah, and the Leviathan/Behemoth material seems self-contained. The verse count (25) makes this the longest chapter in the Parables, further suggesting composite authorship.

Connections

Job 40:15-41:34 — Behemoth and Leviathan. Psalm 74:14 — God crushing Leviathan's heads. Isaiah 27:1 — God punishing Leviathan. 4 Ezra 6:49-52 — separation of Leviathan and Behemoth. Revelation 13 — beast from the sea and beast from the earth.

1 Enoch 60:1

Ge'ez: wa-ba-ḫāmesta wa-'asru yom — 'on the fifteenth day'

In the five hundredth year, in the seventh month, on the fourteenth day of the month in the life of Enoch — in that parable I saw a mighty quaking that shook the heaven of heavens. The host of the Most High and the angels — a thousand thousands and ten thousand times ten thousand — were seized with great alarm.

REF And in the year five hundred, in the seventh month, on the fourteenth day of the month in the life of Enoch. In that Parable I saw how a mighty quaking made the heaven of heavens to quake, and the host of the Most High, and the angels, a thousand thousands and ten thousand times ten thousand, were disquieted with a great disquiet.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The precise dating (500th year, 7th month, 14th day) is unusual in the Parables and may come from a Noah source, since 500 is Noah's age when he fathered his sons (Genesis 5:32). The cosmic quaking disturbs even the angels — a theophany of such magnitude that heaven itself trembles.
1 Enoch 60:2

Ge'ez: wa-re'esa mawā'el yanabber — 'and the Head of Days sat'

The Head of Days sat on the throne of his glory, and the angels and the righteous stood around him.

REF And the Head of Days sat on the throne of His glory, and the angels and the righteous stood around Him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The throne-room scene recurs, now with both angels and righteous humans standing before the Head of Days. The righteous standing alongside angels reiterates the blurring of human-angelic categories characteristic of the Parables.
1 Enoch 60:3

Ge'ez: wa-ra'adani 'abiy ra'ed — 'a great trembling seized me'

A great trembling seized me. Fear took hold of me, my legs gave way, my body dissolved, and I fell on my face.

REF And a great trembling seized me, and fear took hold of me, and my loins gave way, and dissolved were my reins, and I fell upon my face.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The physiological response to the divine presence — trembling, weakness, prostration — follows the standard pattern of biblical theophanies (Daniel 10:8-9; Ezekiel 1:28; Revelation 1:17). The body cannot sustain the encounter with the holy.
1 Enoch 60:4

Ge'ez: wa-Mikā'ēl la'aka — 'and Michael sent'

Michael sent another angel from among the holy ones, and he raised me up. When he raised me, my spirit returned — for I had not been able to endure the sight of that host, the commotion, and the quaking of heaven.

REF And Michael sent another angel from among the holy ones and he raised me up, and when he had raised me up my spirit returned; for I had not been able to endure the look of this host, and the commotion and the quaking of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Michael acts as Enoch's protector, dispatching an angel to revive him. The pattern of collapse and revival is familiar from Daniel 10:10-11, 18-19, where angels touch Daniel to restore his strength after visionary collapse.
1 Enoch 60:5

Ge'ez: wa-yebēlani Mikā'ēl — 'and Michael said to me'

Michael said to me: 'Why are you so disturbed by this vision? Until this day the period of his mercy lasted — he has been merciful and patient toward those who dwell on the earth.'

REF And Michael said unto me: 'Why art thou disquieted with such a vision? Until this day lasted the day of His mercy; and He hath been merciful and long-suffering towards those who dwell on the earth.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Michael's question implies that Enoch should not be alarmed — what he sees is not arbitrary destruction but the end of the mercy period. The 'day of His mercy' having a limit is theologically significant: divine patience is real but not infinite.
1 Enoch 60:6

Ge'ez: wa-sobē yom — 'and when the day'

When the day comes — the day of power, punishment, and judgment that the Lord of Spirits has prepared for those who do not honor the righteous law, who deny the righteous judgment, and who take his name in vain — that day is prepared as a covenant for the chosen, but as an investigation for sinners.

REF And when the day, and the power, and the punishment, and the judgement come, which the Lord of Spirits hath prepared for those who worship not the righteous law, and for those who deny the righteous judgement, and for those who take His name in vain — that day is prepared, for the elect a covenant, but for sinners an inquisition.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The same day functions differently depending on the recipient: it is 'covenant' (Ge'ez: kidan) for the elect and 'inquisition' (investigation/trial) for sinners. The same eschatological event is simultaneously salvation and judgment — a theme Paul develops in 2 Corinthians 2:15-16 ('to one a fragrance from death to death, to the other a fragrance from life to life').
1 Enoch 60:7

Ge'ez: wa-ba-ye'eti yom — 'on that day'

When the punishment of the Lord of Spirits rests upon them, it will be so thorough that it does not come in vain — it will slay the children with their mothers and the children with their fathers. Afterward the judgment will proceed according to his mercy and his patience.

REF When the punishment of the Lord of Spirits shall rest upon them, it shall rest in order that the punishment of the Lord of Spirits may not come in vain, and it shall slay the children with their mothers and the children with their fathers. Afterwards the judgement shall take place according to His mercy and His patience.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The severity of the judgment — extending to entire families — echoes the total destruction language of Joshua and the conquest narratives. The juxtaposition of extreme punishment with 'mercy and patience' is jarring but reflects the biblical tension between divine justice and divine compassion.
1 Enoch 60:8

Ge'ez: wa-ba-ye'eti yom — 'and on that day'

On that day two monsters were separated: a female monster named Leviathan, assigned to dwell in the ocean depths over the water springs.

REF And on that day were two monsters parted, a female monster named Leviathan, to dwell in the abysses of the ocean over the fountains of the waters.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

Liweyātān
"Leviathan" coiled one, sea serpent, dragon, chaos monster

The great sea monster from Job 41, Psalm 74:14, and Isaiah 27:1. In the Enochic tradition, Leviathan is female and assigned to the oceanic abyss. She represents untamed chaos held in check by God until the eschatological day.

Translator Notes

  1. Leviathan is female in this tradition — a detail absent from Job 41 and other biblical references. The gendering of the primordial monsters creates a cosmological pair. Leviathan's domain is the ocean, specifically over the subterranean water sources, making her the guardian/prisoner of the deep.
1 Enoch 60:9

Ge'ez: wa-be'esi — 'and a male'

The male is named Behemoth, who occupies with his chest a barren wilderness called Dendain, east of the garden where the chosen and righteous dwell — where my grandfather was taken up, the seventh from Adam, the first man whom the Lord of Spirits created.

REF But the male is named Behemoth, who occupied with his breast a waste wilderness named Dendain, on the east of the garden where the elect and righteous dwell, where my grandfather was taken up, the seventh from Adam, the first man whom the Lord of Spirits created.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

Behemot
"Behemoth" beast, great beast, monster of the land

The great land monster from Job 40:15-24. In the Enochic tradition, Behemoth is male and inhabits the wilderness of Dendain. He represents the untameable power of the terrestrial wild, held in divine restraint alongside his oceanic counterpart Leviathan.

Translator Notes

  1. Behemoth is male and inhabits the wilderness (land), complementing Leviathan's oceanic domain. Together they control the two primary non-human realms: sea and desert.
  2. 'My grandfather' taken up 'seventh from Adam' identifies Enoch himself — this is apparently spoken by a descendant (possibly Noah), supporting the theory of a Noah source embedded in this chapter.
  3. The 'garden where the chosen and righteous dwell' appears to be an earthly paradise tradition, possibly Eden or an eschatological garden.
1 Enoch 60:10

Ge'ez: wa-se'alku — 'and I asked'

I asked the other angel to show me the power of those monsters — how they were separated on a single day and assigned, one to the depths of the sea and the other to the dry land of the wilderness.

REF And I besought the other angel that he should show me the might of those monsters, how they were parted on one day and cast, the one into the abysses of the sea, and the other unto the dry land of the wilderness.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The separation occurred 'on one day' — a creation-day event where God ordered the primordial chaos by dividing its monsters between sea and land. This parallels the creation narrative where God separates waters from land (Genesis 1:9-10).
1 Enoch 60:11

Ge'ez: wa-yebēlani — 'and he said to me'

He said to me: 'You, son of man — here you are seeking to know what is hidden.'

REF And he said to me: 'Thou son of man, herein thou dost seek to know what is hidden.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The angel addresses Enoch as 'son of man' (walda be'esi) — the same phrase used as a messianic title elsewhere in the Parables. Here it is used in its generic sense ('human being'), but the resonance with the titular usage is unavoidable. Enoch the human seeks hidden knowledge that only the Son of Man fully possesses.
1 Enoch 60:12

Ge'ez: wa-yebēlani kāle' mal'ak — 'and the other angel spoke to me'

The other angel who accompanied me and showed me hidden things told me what is first and last in the heights of heaven, in the depths beneath the earth, at the ends of heaven, and at the foundations of heaven.

REF And the other angel who went with me and showed me what was hidden told me what is first and last in the heaven in the height, and beneath the earth in the depth, and at the ends of the heaven, and on the foundation of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The scope of revelation is comprehensive: height, depth, extremities, and foundations. The entire cosmos is encompassed in the angel's teaching. This totality of knowledge recalls Deuteronomy 29:29 — what was formerly hidden is now revealed to Enoch.
1 Enoch 60:13

Ge'ez: wa-māxazena nefās — 'and the storehouses of the winds'

He showed me the storehouses of the winds — how the winds are divided and weighed, how the gates of the winds are measured, each according to the wind's power; and the power of the moon's light, proportioned fittingly; and the divisions of the stars according to their names, and how all the divisions are arranged.

REF And the chambers of the winds, and how the winds are divided, and how they are weighed, and how the portals of the winds are reckoned, each according to the power of the wind, and the power of the lights of the moon, and according to the power that is fitting: and the divisions of the stars according to their names, and how all the divisions are divided.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'storehouses' (māxazen) of winds echoes Job 38:22 and Psalm 135:7. The systematic ordering — division, weighing, measuring — presents nature as a precisely calibrated system, each element assigned its proper power and place.
1 Enoch 60:14

Ge'ez: wa-berqa — 'and the thunders'

He showed me the thunders according to where they fall, all the divisions made among the lightnings so they may flash, and their host so they obey at once.

REF And the thunders according to the places where they fall, and all the divisions that are made among the lightnings that it may lighten, and their host that they may at once obey.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Lightning obeying 'at once' (immediately) emphasizes the instantaneous obedience of natural forces to divine command — a contrast to the delayed and reluctant obedience of humans.
1 Enoch 60:15

Ge'ez: 'esma ra'ed — 'for the thunder'

The thunder has resting places assigned to it while it waits for its peal. Thunder and lightning are inseparable — though not one and undivided, they travel together through the spirit and are not separated.

REF For the thunder has places of rest which are assigned to it while it is waiting for its peal; and the thunder and lightning are inseparable, and although not one and undivided, they both go together through the spirit and separate not.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Thunder 'waiting' for its peal personifies the meteorological phenomenon as a creature awaiting its cue. The relationship between thunder and lightning — distinct yet inseparable, traveling together — has been noted by patristic commentators as a natural analogy for theological unity-in-distinction.
1 Enoch 60:16

Ge'ez: wa-sobē berq yeberraq — 'when lightning lightens'

When lightning flashes, thunder utters its voice, and the spirit enforces a pause during the peal, dividing equally between them. The treasury of their peals is like sand, and each peal is restrained with a bridle, turned back by the power of the spirit, and pushed forward across the many regions of the earth.

REF For when the lightning lightens, the thunder utters its voice, and the spirit enforces a pause during the peal, and divides equally between them; for the treasury of their peals is like the sand, and each one of them as it peals is held in with a bridle, and turned back by the power of the spirit, and pushed forward according to the many quarters of the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Thunder restrained 'with a bridle' continues the personification — cosmic forces are like horses held in check by God's spirit. The image of an infinite treasury of thunder peals ('like sand') suggests that God has unlimited power held in reserve.
1 Enoch 60:17

Ge'ez: wa-manfasa bāḥr — 'and the spirit of the sea'

The spirit of the sea is masculine and strong. According to the measure of his strength, he pulls the sea back with a rein, and likewise drives it forward and disperses it among all the mountains of the earth.

REF And the spirit of the sea is masculine and strong, and according to the might of his strength he draws it back with a rein, and in like manner it is driven forward and disperses amid all the mountains of the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The sea controlled by 'reins' echoes Job 38:8-11 where God sets boundaries for the sea. The masculine gendering of the sea's spirit contrasts with the feminine Leviathan who inhabits it, creating a layered cosmology of gendered forces.
1 Enoch 60:18

Ge'ez: wa-manfasa kesād — 'and the spirit of frost'

The spirit of frost has its own angel, and the spirit of hail is a beneficent angel.

REF And the spirit of the hoar-frost is his own angel, and the spirit of the hail is a good angel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Each meteorological phenomenon has an assigned angel — the cosmos is thoroughly populated with angelic governance. Even frost and hail, which can be destructive, are managed by angels who serve God's purposes.
1 Enoch 60:19

Ge'ez: wa-manfasa barad — 'and the spirit of snow'

The spirit of snow has abandoned his chamber because of his strength — there is a unique spirit in it, and what rises from it is like smoke. Its name is frost.

REF And the spirit of the snow has forsaken his chambers on account of his strength — there is a special spirit therein, and that which ascends from it is like smoke, and its name is frost.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Snow personified as having 'abandoned his chamber' is a vivid image — snow escapes confinement due to its own power. The vapor rising from snow 'like smoke' may describe the visible mist that rises from snowfields in cold air.
1 Enoch 60:20

Ge'ez: wa-manfasa damanā — 'and the spirit of mist'

The spirit of mist is not housed with them in their chambers but has its own chamber. Its course is glorious in both light and darkness, in winter and summer, and an angel attends its chamber.

REF And the spirit of the mist is not united with them in their chambers, but it has a special chamber; for its course is glorious both in light and in darkness, and in winter and in summer, and in its chamber is an angel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Mist has a separate chamber from the other meteorological phenomena, reflecting its unique behavior — it appears in all seasons and all lighting conditions. The angelic attendant ensures its proper governance.
1 Enoch 60:21

Ge'ez: wa-manfasa ṭal — 'and the spirit of dew'

The spirit of dew dwells at the ends of heaven and is connected to the chambers of rain. Its course runs in both winter and summer. The clouds and the mist are associated, and one gives to the other.

REF And the spirit of the dew has its dwelling at the ends of the heaven, and is connected with the chambers of the rain, and its course is in winter and summer: and the clouds and the mist are associated, and the one gives to the other.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Dew connected to rain's chambers reflects an ancient understanding of the water cycle — dew and rain share a source. The cooperative relationship ('one gives to the other') extends the covenant metaphor to atmospheric phenomena.
1 Enoch 60:22

Ge'ez: wa-sobē manfasa zanam — 'and when the spirit of rain'

When the spirit of rain goes out from its chamber, the angels come, open the chamber, and lead it out. When it is spread over the whole earth, it joins with the water on the earth.

REF And when the spirit of the rain goes forth from its chamber, the angels come and open the chamber and lead it out, and when it is diffused over the whole earth it unites with the water on the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Angels actively open the rain's chamber and 'lead it out' — rainfall is an angelic operation, not merely a natural process. This angelology of weather governs the entire cosmological section.
1 Enoch 60:23

Ge'ez: wa-kwellu gizē — 'and every time'

The waters are for those who dwell on the earth, for they are nourishment for the earth from the Most High who is in heaven. Therefore there is a set measure for rain, and the angels are charged with it.

REF For the waters are for those who dwell on the earth; for they are nourishment for the earth from the Most High who is in heaven: therefore there is a measure for the rain, and the angels take it in charge.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Rain as 'nourishment from the Most High' frames hydrology as divine provision. The 'set measure' ensures that neither drought nor flood results — God has calibrated the rainfall, and angels execute the measurements.
1 Enoch 60:24

Ge'ez: wa-'ellu kwellomu — 'and all these things'

All these things I saw near the Garden of the Righteous.

REF And these things I saw towards the Garden of the Righteous.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The cosmological revelations are located near the 'Garden of the Righteous' — connecting natural order to the paradise where the elect dwell. The cosmos is oriented around the righteous community.
1 Enoch 60:25

Ge'ez: wa-mal'aka salām — 'and the angel of peace'

The angel of peace who was with me said: 'These two monsters, created according to the greatness of God, will be fed —'

REF And the angel of peace who was with me said to me: 'These two monsters, prepared conformably to the greatness of God, shall feed...'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The chapter ends mid-sentence in some manuscripts, suggesting textual damage or deliberate interruption. The feeding of Leviathan and Behemoth connects to later Jewish traditions where these monsters become food for the righteous at the messianic banquet (cf. 2 Baruch 29:4; Talmud, Bava Batra 75a).