Library

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Genesis fragments from 14+ Qumran manuscripts. Documented in the per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

Per-book LXX variant entries documented (Memra-precedent terms, divine-council language, structural differences). Inline tradition cards on chapter pages.

4th c. BCE divergence

~6,000 variant readings vs. MT. Theologically significant: 10th commandment designates Mt. Gerizim.

1st c. BCE – 5th c. CE

Aramaic interpretive paraphrase used in synagogue worship.

1830s CE

Revelatory revision of Genesis 1-24. Not a translation from original languages.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Includes 4QpaleoExodᵐ — a pre-Samaritan harmonizing edition. Documented in the per-book fragment summary.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

40 chapters with notable variants documented (Decalogue ordering, Tabernacle account, divine epithets). At /lxx-exodus/.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Includes 11QpaleoLevᵃ in archaic paleo-Hebrew script. Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

Per-book LXX variant entries documented (Memra-precedent terms, divine-council language, structural differences). Inline tradition cards on chapter pages.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

4QNumᵇ partially pre-Samaritan in character. Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

Per-book LXX variant entries documented (Memra-precedent terms, divine-council language, structural differences). Inline tradition cards on chapter pages.

c. 250 BCE – 50 CE

Includes the marquee "sons of God" variant at 32:8 and the longer Song of Moses ending at 32:43 (cited at Hebrews 1:6).

3rd–2nd c. BCE

Per-book LXX variant entries documented (Memra-precedent terms, divine-council language, structural differences). Inline tradition cards on chapter pages.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Includes the marquee 4QJoshᵃ altar relocation (Joshua 8:30-35 placed earlier in the narrative).

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Includes the 4QJudgᵃ shorter Gideon prologue (omits the prophetic rebuke at Judg 6:7-10).

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Four Qumran manuscripts attest this short book. Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

c. 250 BCE

Includes the marquee Nahash-the-Ammonite paragraph at 11:1 (restored at NRSV 10:27b), Hannah's Nazirite vow at 1:11, and many readings agreeing with LXX against MT.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

David & Goliath shorter form (omits 17:12-31, 17:55-18:5, 18:10-11, 18:17-19); often supports 4QSamᵃ against MT.

c. 250 BCE

Includes Solomon's gold-shields Shishak cross-reference at 8:7, the Davidic-covenant divine-plural at 7:23, and other readings agreeing with LXX against MT.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Limited Qumran attestation across 4QKgs, 5QKgs, and 6QpapKgs. Per-book fragment summary.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Limited Qumran attestation. Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Single fragmentary witness 4QChr (4Q118). Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Single fragmentary witness 4QChr (4Q118). Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Single fragmentary witness 4QEzra (4Q117) confirms the bilingual Hebrew/Aramaic structure.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

No secure Qumran attestation. The absence is theologically significant; documented at /dss-fragments/.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

The only book of the Hebrew Bible NOT attested at Qumran. The absence is documented at /dss-fragments/.

2nd–1st c. BCE

107 added verses not in the Hebrew text.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Includes 11QtgJob (11Q10) — the oldest extant Aramaic Targum of any biblical book.

2nd c. BCE

~1/6 shorter than MT, with smoothed theology and Origen's Hexapla witness to deliberate omissions.

c. 30–50 CE

11QPsᵃ presents an alternative Pss 91-150 ordering with apocryphal compositions (Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, Hymn to the Creator, David's Compositions colophon, Pss 151A and 151B). Marquee variants: Ps 22:16 "they have pierced," Ps 145:13 nun-line restoration, Ps 151 Hebrew Vorlage.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

The prayer book of the early church. Different numbering system; Psalm 151 included.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Limited Qumran attestation. Per-book fragment summary at /dss-fragments/.

2nd c. BCE

The most freely-translated book of the LXX. Reordered chapters and Hellenizing additions.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

4QQohᵃ paleographically dated c. 175-150 BCE — settles Qohelet's terminus ante quem.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

4QCantᵃ and 4QCantᵇ may preserve a slightly shorter form. Per-book fragment summary.

150–100 BCE

The oldest complete manuscript of any biblical book. All 66 chapters preserved.

3rd–2nd c. BCE

3rd–2nd c. BCE

Significantly shorter than the MT (~1/8 less text) with different chapter arrangement.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Four Qumran manuscripts; minor variants at 5QLamᵃ. Per-book fragment summary.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Moderate attestation across 4QEzekᵃ-ᶜ, 11QEzek, MasEzek. Per-book fragment summary.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

DSS confirm the bilingual Hebrew/Aramaic structure as original. Eight or more manuscripts.

2nd c. BCE

Includes additions: Prayer of Azariah, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon.

c. 250 BCE – 70 CE

Documented in the Twelve Minor Prophets fragment summary (incl. 8HevXII gr kaige recension).

382–405 CE

Jerome’s Latin translation that defined Western Christian theology for over a millennium. 9 books compared.