Chapter Overview
Summary
The vision of the ram and the goat. The chapter shifts from Aramaic to Hebrew in the MT. Both Greek versions translate from a Hebrew Vorlage. The OG and Theodotion are relatively close here, as the apocalyptic imagery is preserved consistently.
Notable Variants
Minor differences in the description of the little horn's actions. The OG occasionally expands the interpretation sections. The identification of the ram (Persia) and goat (Greece) is explicit in all versions.
Structural Notes
All three versions have 27 verses. Chapter 8 returns to Hebrew in the MT (from Aramaic in 2:4-7:28).
In the third year of King Belshazzar's reign, a vision appeared to me — to me, Daniel — after the one that had appeared to me previously.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
I looked in the vision, and as I saw it, I was in the citadel of Susa in the province of Elam. I looked in the vision, and I was standing beside the Ulai canal.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
I raised my eyes and looked, and there standing before the canal was a ram with two horns. Both horns were tall, but one was taller than the other, and the taller one came up last.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
I watched the ram charging westward, northward, and southward. No animal could stand against it, and none could rescue from its power. It did as it pleased and grew powerful.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
While I was considering this, a male goat came from the west, crossing the entire surface of the earth without touching the ground. The goat had a conspicuous horn between its eyes.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
It came toward the ram with two horns that I had seen standing before the canal, and it charged at it in furious rage.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
I watched it reach the ram, and it was enraged against it. It struck the ram and shattered its two horns. The ram had no strength to stand against it. The goat hurled it to the ground and trampled it, and there was no one to rescue the ram from its power.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
The male goat grew exceedingly powerful, but at the height of its strength the great horn was broken. In its place four conspicuous horns came up toward the four winds of heaven.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
From one of them came a small horn that grew exceedingly great toward the south, toward the east, and toward the Beautiful Land.
Masoretic (WLC)
קֶרֶן אַחַת מִצְּעִירָה
a little horn
Septuagint (LXX)
κέρας ἓν ἰσχυρόν
one strong horn
The OG reads 'one strong horn' (keras hen ischyron) rather than the MT's 'a little horn' (qeren achat mits'irah). Theodotion preserves 'little.' The OG variant removes the 'smallness' motif, emphasizing power instead.
It grew great, reaching up to the host of heaven. It cast some of the host and some of the stars down to the ground and trampled them.
Masoretic (WLC)
עַד־צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם
up to the host of heaven
Septuagint (LXX)
ἕως τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ οὐρανοῦ
up to the power of heaven
OG renders tseva as dynamis (power); Theodotion has stratia (host/army). The MT tseva can mean either.
It even exalted itself against the Prince of the host. The daily offering was removed from him, and the foundation of his sanctuary was thrown down.
Masoretic (WLC)
שַׂר הַצָּבָא
the prince of the host
Septuagint (LXX)
ὁ ἀρχιστράτηγος
the commander-in-chief
OG uses archistratēgos (chief general), a military title. Theodotion has archōn tēs dynameōs. The figure is usually identified as God or the archangel Michael.
A host was given over along with the daily offering because of transgression. It cast truth to the ground, and it acted and prospered.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
Then I heard a holy one speaking, and another holy one said to the one who was speaking, "How long will the events of this vision last — the daily offering removed, the desolating transgression set up, and the sanctuary and the host given over to be trampled?"
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
He said to me, "For 2,300 evenings and mornings; then the sanctuary will be restored to its rightful state."
Masoretic (WLC)
עֶרֶב בֹּקֶר אַלְפַּיִם וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת
two thousand three hundred evenings and mornings
Septuagint (LXX)
ἡμέραι δισχίλιαι καὶ τριακόσιαι
two thousand three hundred days
All versions agree on the number 2,300. The MT's 'evening-morning' formula is debated — does it mean 2,300 full days or 1,150 days (2,300 evening and morning sacrifices)? The Greek simply says 'days,' favoring the full-day interpretation.
When I, Daniel, had seen the vision and was seeking to understand it, there standing before me was one who looked like a man.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
I heard a human voice calling from between the banks of the Ulai: "Gabriel, explain the vision to this man!"
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
He came to where I was standing, and when he arrived I was terrified and fell on my face. He said to me, "Understand, son of man, that the vision pertains to the time of the end."
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
While he was speaking with me, I fell into a deep sleep with my face to the ground. But he touched me and set me on my feet.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
He said, "I am going to make known to you what will happen in the latter period of the wrath, for it refers to the appointed time of the end.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
The ram you saw with the two horns represents the kings of Media and Persia.
Masoretic (WLC)
הָאַיִל... מַלְכֵי מָדַי וּפָרָס
the ram... the kings of Media and Persia
Septuagint (LXX)
ὁ κριός... βασιλεὺς Μήδων καὶ Περσῶν
the ram... king of Medes and Persians
All versions explicitly identify the ram. The OG uses singular 'king'; the MT has plural 'kings.'
The shaggy goat is the king of Greece, and the great horn between its eyes is the first king.
Masoretic (WLC)
הַצָּפִיר הַשָּׂעִיר — מֶלֶךְ יָוָן
the male goat — the king of Greece
Septuagint (LXX)
ὁ τράγος τῶν αἰγῶν — βασιλεὺς Ἑλλήνων
the he-goat — king of the Greeks
Both Greek versions identify Yavan (Greece/Ionia) as Hellēnōn. The great horn is Alexander.
As for the horn that was broken, in whose place four others arose — four kingdoms will rise from that nation, but not with its power.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
In the latter period of their reign, when the transgressors have reached their full measure, a king will arise — fierce in countenance and skilled in intrigue.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
His power will be great, but not by his own strength. He will cause extraordinary destruction and will succeed in whatever he does. He will destroy the powerful and the holy people.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
Through his cunning he will make deceit prosper under his hand. In his heart he will exalt himself, and in a time of security he will destroy many. He will even stand against the Prince of princes, but he will be broken — not by human hand.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.
The vision of the evenings and mornings that was declared is true. But you must seal up the vision, for it refers to many days from now."
Masoretic (WLC)
וְאַתָּה סְתֹם הֶחָזוֹן
seal up the vision
Septuagint (LXX)
σφράγισον τὴν ὅρασιν
seal the vision
Both Greek versions use sphragison (seal). The command to seal the vision until the end time is consistent.
Then I, Daniel, was overwhelmed and lay ill for days. Afterward I got up and attended to the king's affairs. I was appalled by the vision, and no one could explain it.
No significant variant between the LXX/Theodotion and the MT for this verse.