1 Enoch / Chapter 72

1 Enoch 72

37 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic)

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

The Astronomical Book opens with the laws of the sun. Uriel reveals to Enoch the solar calendar: the sun rises and sets through six gates in the east and west, completing a 364-day year of twelve months. Each gate governs a portion of the year, with the sun's path lengthening and shortening through the seasons.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

This chapter presents the most detailed solar calendar in all Second Temple literature. The 364-day calendar — divisible evenly into 52 weeks — was a point of fierce sectarian controversy. The Qumran community adopted this calendar against the Jerusalem temple's 354-day lunar calendar. The precision of the gate system, tracking the sun's changing arc through the year, shows genuine astronomical observation embedded in theological narrative.

Translation Friction

The 364-day year does not match the actual solar year of approximately 365.25 days. No intercalation mechanism is described. Ancient readers would have noticed the calendar drifting against the seasons within a few years. Whether the original author assumed periodic correction or considered the 364-day count divinely exact is debated.

Connections

Genesis 1:14-18 — luminaries to govern seasons. Psalm 19:4-6 — the sun's circuit. Jubilees 6:32-38 — the 364-day calendar as binding covenant law. 4Q320-4Q321 (Qumran calendrical texts) — practical implementation of this calendar. Sirach 43:1-5 — the sun's glory.

1 Enoch 72:1

Ge'ez: Maṣḥafa ḫedeta ber'hānāt za-samāy — 'Book of the courses of the luminaries of heaven'

The book of the courses of the heavenly luminaries — each one according to its class, its dominion, and its season, according to its name, place of origin, and month. Uriel, the holy angel who was with me and who is their guide, showed me all of this. He revealed all their laws to me exactly as they are, for every year of the world and to eternity, until the new creation is accomplished that endures forever.

REF The book of the courses of the luminaries of the heaven, the relations of each, according to their classes, their dominion and their seasons, according to their names and places of origin, and according to their months, which Uriel, the holy angel, who was with me, who is their guide, showed me; and he showed me all their laws exactly as they are, and how it is with regard to all the years of the world and unto eternity, till the new creation is accomplished which dureth till eternity.

Notes & Key Terms 2 terms

Key Terms

""

Ge'ez: ber'hānāt — the light-bearing celestial bodies, governed by fixed divine laws

""

The eschatological renewal when the present cosmic order, including its calendar, is remade

Translator Notes

  1. Uriel ('God is my light') is the angel of luminaries — a fitting assignment. The phrase 'new creation' (Ge'ez: ḥaddis fəṭrat) anticipates Isaiah 65:17, 2 Peter 3:13, and Revelation 21:1. The calendar is presented not as human calculation but as angelic revelation of fixed divine law.
1 Enoch 72:2

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

This is the first law of the luminaries: the sun rises through the eastern gates of heaven and sets through the western gates of heaven.

REF And this is the first law of the luminaries: the luminary the Sun has its rising in the eastern portals of the heaven, and its setting in the western portals of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

Openings in the firmament through which the sun enters and exits; six in the east, six in the west

Translator Notes

  1. The 'gates' (Ge'ez: 'anqāṣ) are a distinctive Enochic cosmological concept — literal openings in the firmament through which celestial bodies pass. Six eastern gates for rising and six western gates for setting form the framework for the entire solar calendar.
1 Enoch 72:3

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

I saw six gates through which the sun rises and six gates through which the sun sets. The moon also rises and sets through these gates, along with the leaders of the stars and those they lead — six in the east and six in the west — all following one another in precisely corresponding order. There were also many windows to the right and left of these gates.

REF I saw six portals in which the sun rises, and six portals in which the sun sets and the moon also rises and sets in these portals, and the leaders of the stars and those whom they lead: six in the east and six in the west, and all following each other in accurately corresponding order: also many windows to the right and left of these portals.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The shared gate system for sun, moon, and stars reflects a unified cosmological architecture. The 'windows' may be additional openings for wind or light. The insistence on 'accurately corresponding order' emphasizes the cosmos as a law-governed system — disorder in the heavens would imply disorder in the divine plan.
1 Enoch 72:4

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

First the great luminary goes forth — the one called the Sun. Its circumference is like the circumference of heaven, and it is entirely filled with illuminating and warming fire.

REF And first there goes forth the great luminary, named the Sun, and his circumference is like the circumference of the heaven, and he is quite filled with illuminating and heating fire.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The sun described as 'filled with fire' reflects the ancient understanding of the sun as a vessel of fire rather than a burning mass. Its circumference compared to heaven's own circumference conveys supreme magnitude among the luminaries.
1 Enoch 72:5

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The chariot on which it ascends is driven by the wind. The sun goes down from heaven and returns through the north to reach the east, guided so that it arrives at the proper gate and shines across the face of heaven.

REF The chariot on which he ascends, the wind drives, and the sun goes down from the heaven and returns through the north in order to reach the east, and is so guided that he comes to the appropriate portal and shines in the face of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The solar chariot driven by wind connects to widespread ancient Near Eastern imagery (cf. Psalm 104:3, 'he makes the clouds his chariot'). The sun's return through the north — traveling beneath or around the earth at night — reflects a flat-earth cosmology where the sun must physically journey back to the east.
1 Enoch 72:6

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

In this way it rises in the first month through the great gate — the fourth of the six eastern gates.

REF In this way he rises in the first month in the great portal, which is the fourth of those six portals in the east.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The first month (Nisan equivalent, spring equinox) begins at the fourth gate — the middle-upper gate. The sun's annual journey moves it progressively through gates 4, 5, and 6 (northward toward summer solstice), then back through 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 (southward toward winter solstice), and back again.
1 Enoch 72:7

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

In that fourth gate through which the sun rises in the first month, there are twelve window-openings. A flame comes from them when they are opened in their appointed time.

REF And in that fourth portal from which the sun rises in the first month are twelve window-openings, from which proceed a flame when they are opened in their season.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The twelve window-openings likely correspond to the twelve months or twelve zodiacal segments of the sky. The flame proceeding from the windows suggests that light and heat are channeled through specific architectural features of the firmament.
1 Enoch 72:8

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

When the sun rises in heaven, it comes forth through that fourth gate for thirty mornings in a row, and sets precisely through the fourth gate in the west of heaven.

REF When the sun rises in the heaven, he comes forth through that fourth portal thirty mornings in succession, and sets accurately in the fourth portal in the west of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The thirty-day month is the standard unit. The Enochic calendar uses months of 30 days each, with four extra days added at the quarter-points (equinoxes and solstices), yielding 364 days total: (12 × 30) + 4 = 364.
1 Enoch 72:9

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

During this period the day grows longer each day and the night grows shorter each night, until the thirtieth morning.

REF And during this period the day becomes daily longer and the night nightly shorter to the thirtieth morning.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The lengthening days place the first month in spring, after the vernal equinox. The author tracks the changing ratio of daylight to darkness with care — a hallmark of genuine calendrical observation.
1 Enoch 72:10

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the daytime is longer than the nighttime by a ninth part: the day amounts to exactly ten parts and the night to eight parts.

REF On that day the day is longer than the night by a ninth part, and the day amounts exactly to ten parts and the night to eight parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The author divides the full day-night cycle into eighteen parts. At the end of month one, daytime is 10/18 and nighttime 8/18 of the cycle — roughly a 13.3 to 10.7 hour split, consistent with early spring at a latitude near 30-35°N (the latitude of ancient Israel/Ethiopia).
1 Enoch 72:11

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun rises from that fourth gate and sets in the fourth, then returns to the fifth gate in the east for thirty mornings, rising from it and setting in the fifth gate.

REF And the sun rises from that fourth portal, and sets in the fourth and returns to the fifth portal of the east thirty mornings, and rises from it and sets in the fifth portal.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The sun advances from gate four to gate five for the second month, continuing its northward migration toward the summer solstice. Each gate corresponds to roughly 30° of the horizon arc.
1 Enoch 72:12

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

Then the day becomes longer by two parts and amounts to eleven parts, and the night becomes shorter and amounts to seven parts.

REF And then the day becomes longer by two parts and amounts to eleven parts, and the night becomes shorter and amounts to seven parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. At the end of month two: day is 11/18 and night is 7/18 — approximately a 14.7 to 9.3 hour split. The progression is linear: each month adds roughly one part to the day.
1 Enoch 72:13

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

Then it returns to the east and enters the sixth gate. It rises and sets through the sixth gate for thirty-one mornings on account of its sign.

REF And it returns to the east and enters into the sixth portal, and rises and sets in the sixth portal one-and-thirty mornings on account of its sign.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The thirty-one-day month at the end of the third month provides the extra intercalary day at the summer solstice — one of the four additional days that bring the year to 364. 'On account of its sign' likely refers to the solstice marker.
1 Enoch 72:14

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the daytime is longer than the nighttime — the day is double the night. The day becomes twelve parts and the night is shortened to six parts.

REF On that day the day is longer than the night, and the day is double the night, and the day becomes twelve parts, and the night is shortened and becomes six parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. At the summer solstice: day 12/18 and night 6/18 — a 2:1 ratio, or roughly 16 hours of daylight to 8 hours of darkness. This is slightly exaggerated for Israel's latitude but reasonable for a schematic system.
1 Enoch 72:15

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

Then the sun turns to make the day shorter and the night longer. The sun returns to the east and enters the sixth gate, rising from it and setting for thirty mornings.

REF And the sun mounts up to make the day shorter and the night longer, and the sun returns to the east and enters into the sixth portal, and rises from it and sets thirty mornings.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. After the solstice the sun begins its return journey southward. The fourth month still uses the sixth gate but now the days are shortening — the same gate serves both the ascending and descending halves of the year.
1 Enoch 72:16

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The day decreases by one part and amounts to eleven parts, and the night to seven parts.

REF And the day decreases by one part, and amounts to eleven parts, and the night to seven parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The symmetrical decrease mirrors the increase: the year's daylight pattern is perfectly balanced around the solstices.
1 Enoch 72:17

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun goes forth from that sixth western gate and travels to the east, rising in the fifth gate for thirty mornings and setting again in the fifth western gate.

REF And the sun goes forth from that sixth portal in the west, and goes to the east and rises in the fifth portal for thirty mornings, and sets in the west again in the fifth western portal.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The fifth month mirrors the second month — the sun occupies the fifth gate during both its northward and southward journeys.
1 Enoch 72:18

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the daytime decreases by two parts and amounts to ten parts, and the night to eight parts.

REF On that day the day decreases by two parts, and amounts to ten parts, and the night to eight parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Day 10/18 and night 8/18 — the same ratio as the end of the first month, confirming the calendar's symmetry around the solstice.
1 Enoch 72:19

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun goes forth from that fifth gate and sets in the fifth western gate, then rises in the fourth gate for thirty-one mornings on account of its sign, and sets in the west.

REF And the sun goes forth from that fifth portal and sets in the fifth portal of the west, and rises in the fourth portal for one-and-thirty mornings on account of its sign, and sets in the west.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The sixth month ends with thirty-one days — the second intercalary day, marking the autumn equinox. The year's first half (months 1-6) is now complete: 30+30+31+30+30+31 = 182 days.
1 Enoch 72:20

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the daytime equals the nighttime and they become the same length: the night amounts to nine parts and the day to nine parts.

REF On that day the day is equalized with the night, and becomes of equal length, and the night amounts to nine parts and the day to nine parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The autumn equinox: day and night each 9/18, a perfect 12-hour split. This is the only point besides the spring equinox where the parts are equal. The system's elegant symmetry is fully apparent.
1 Enoch 72:21

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun rises from that gate and sets in the west, then returns to the east and rises for thirty mornings in the third gate, setting in the west through the third gate.

REF And the sun rises from that portal and sets in the west, and returns to the east and rises thirty mornings in the third portal and sets in the west in the third portal.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The seventh month begins the sun's descent into the southern gates (gates 3, 2, and 1), mirroring the northern climb of months 1-3.
1 Enoch 72:22

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the night becomes longer than the day. Night grows longer and day grows shorter until the thirtieth morning, when the night amounts to exactly ten parts and the day to eight parts.

REF On that day the night becomes longer than the day, and night becomes longer than night, and day shorter than day till the thirtieth morning, and the night amounts exactly to ten parts and the day to eight parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The inversion is now complete — night dominates for the first time since the vernal equinox. Night 10/18 and day 8/18 mirrors the first month's 10/8 ratio but reversed.
1 Enoch 72:23

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun goes forth from that third gate and sets in the third western gate, then returns to the east. For thirty mornings it rises in the second gate in the east and likewise sets in the second gate in the west of heaven.

REF And the sun goes forth from that third portal and sets in the third portal in the west, and returns to the east, and for thirty mornings rises in the second portal in the east, and in like manner sets in the second portal in the west of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The eighth month uses the second gate, continuing the southward descent.
1 Enoch 72:24

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the night amounts to eleven parts and the day to seven parts.

REF And on that day the night amounts to eleven parts and the day to seven parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Night 11/18 and day 7/18 — the mirror of month two's 11/7 day-night ratio.
1 Enoch 72:25

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun goes forth on that day from the second gate and sets in the west through the second gate. Then it returns to the east and rises in the first gate for thirty-one mornings, setting in the first gate in the west of heaven.

REF And the sun goes forth on that day from that second portal and sets in the west in the second portal, and returns to the east and rises in the first portal for one-and-thirty mornings, and sets in the first portal in the west of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The ninth month has thirty-one days — the third intercalary day at the winter solstice. The first gate is the southernmost point on the horizon, corresponding to the sun's lowest arc.
1 Enoch 72:26

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the night becomes longest and amounts to double the day: the night is exactly twelve parts and the day six parts.

REF On that day the night becomes longer and amounts to the double of the day: and the night amounts exactly to twelve parts and the day to six parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The winter solstice: night 12/18 and day 6/18 — the exact inverse of the summer solstice's 12/6 day-night ratio. The 2:1 ratio gives roughly 16 hours of darkness and 8 hours of daylight.
1 Enoch 72:27

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun has completed the divisions of its orbit and turns again on that division. It enters that gate for thirty mornings and sets also in the west opposite it.

REF And the sun has (therewith) traversed the divisions of his orbit and turns again on that division of his orbit, and enters that portal thirty mornings and sets also in the west opposite to it.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. After the winter solstice the sun reverses its southward journey. The tenth month begins the return northward through the first gate.
1 Enoch 72:28

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the night decreases and amounts to eleven parts, and the day to seven parts.

REF On that day the night decreases in length and amounts to eleven parts, and the day to seven parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The symmetrical return begins: night 11/18 and day 7/18, mirroring the eighth month.
1 Enoch 72:29

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun goes forth from that gate, sets in the west, returns to the east, and rises in the second gate for thirty mornings, setting in the west through the second gate.

REF And the sun goes forth from that portal and sets in the west, and returns to the east and rises in the second portal for thirty mornings, and sets in the west in the second portal.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The eleventh month uses the second gate on the northward return.
1 Enoch 72:30

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the night amounts to ten parts and the day to eight parts.

REF And on that day the night amounts to ten parts, and the day to eight parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Night 10/18 and day 8/18 — mirroring the seventh month and approaching equinox balance.
1 Enoch 72:31

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The sun goes forth from that second eastern gate and sets in the west of heaven, then returns to the east and rises in the third gate for thirty-one mornings, setting in the west of heaven.

REF And the sun goes forth from that second portal in the east, and sets in the west of the heaven, and returns to the east and rises in the third portal for one-and-thirty mornings, and sets in the west of the heaven.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The twelfth month has thirty-one days — the fourth and final intercalary day, at the spring equinox. All four quarter-points now have their extra day: months 3, 6, 9, and 12.
1 Enoch 72:32

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

On that day the night equals the day and they are exactly the same length: the night amounts to nine parts and the day to nine parts.

REF On that day the night becomes equal with the day, and is exactly the same length, and the night amounts to nine parts and the day to nine parts.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The spring equinox returns: 9/9 balance. The full annual cycle is complete. The calendar's perfect symmetry — four seasons, four intercalary days, four equinox/solstice markers — reflects the author's conviction that God's creation operates by mathematical law.
1 Enoch 72:33

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

Thus the course of the sun is completed, and the sum of that course is three hundred and sixty-four days.

REF Thus the course of the sun is completed, and the sum of that course is three hundred and sixty-four days.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

The cornerstone of the Enochic solar calendar: 364 = 52 × 7, ensuring perfect weekly cycles year after year

Translator Notes

  1. The definitive statement of the 364-day year. This number — divisible by 7 (52 complete weeks) — ensures that holy days always fall on the same day of the week, unlike the 354-day lunar calendar or the 365-day Egyptian calendar. For the Enochic community, calendrical precision was a matter of covenant faithfulness.
1 Enoch 72:34

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

If five years are added together, the sum amounts to three hundred and sixty-four days for each of them.

REF And if five years are added together the sum amounts to three hundred and sixty-four days for each of them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The five-year cycle (a pentecontad) was a common ancient reckoning unit. The author emphasizes that the 364-day count holds consistently — no intercalation is mentioned.
1 Enoch 72:35

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

To the sun and stars belong one thousand eight hundred and twenty days, and to the moon one thousand and sixty-two days.

REF And to the sun and stars are due one thousand eight hundred and twenty days, and to the moon one thousand and sixty-two days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Over five years: 5 × 364 = 1,820 solar days. The lunar figure of 1,062 days over five years (roughly 212.4 days per year) is problematic and likely corrupt in transmission. Some scholars emend this or understand it as referring to the nights when the moon is visible.
1 Enoch 72:36

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

In five years there are one hundred and seventy-seven days over and above, leaving seven hundred and fifty-eight days remaining.

REF And in five years there are one hundred and seventy-seven days over and above, and there remain seven hundred and fifty-eight days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The arithmetic here compares solar and lunar reckoning over five years. The excess of 177 days and remainder of 758 days reflects the difference between the 364-day solar year and the lunar cycle. The exact calculation is debated due to possible textual corruption, but the point is clear: the solar calendar is the true standard.
1 Enoch 72:37

Ge'ez text per Charles/Knibb editions

The total of the sun and moon calendar days for the five years amounts to one thousand seven hundred and seventy-three and a half days.

REF And the total of the sun and moon calendar days for the five years amounts to one thousand seven hundred and seventy-three and a half days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The fractional half-day indicates the author is aware that lunar months do not divide evenly into whole days. Despite the schematic precision of the solar calendar, the author acknowledges the messiness of lunar reckoning — further evidence that the solar calendar is presented as the superior, divinely ordained system.