Isaiah / Chapter 48

Isaiah 48

22 verses • Westminster Leningrad Codex

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

God rebukes Israel for stubbornness — He declared things long ago so they could not credit idols. He refines Israel in the furnace of affliction. For His own name's sake He delays anger. Cyrus is His instrument. 'Go out from Babylon!' The section closes: 'There is no peace for the wicked.'

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

The chapter is God's most frustrated address to Israel in Second Isaiah. The command to leave Babylon (v. 20) is the climactic imperative of chapters 40-48. The closing refrain 'there is no peace for the wicked' (v. 22) divides Second Isaiah into three sections (48:22, 57:21, and implicitly 66:24).

Translation Friction

The phrase becharttikha velo bekhesef (v. 10) is textually difficult: 'I chose you' or 'I tested you'? We followed the Masoretic text. The kur oni ('furnace of affliction') describes exile as purposeful refining. The 'no peace' refrain is abrupt after the joy of v. 20 — the juxtaposition is intentional.

Connections

The 'go out from Babylon' (v. 20) echoes Genesis 12:1 and anticipates Revelation 18:4. The refining-furnace image connects to Deuteronomy 4:20 and 1 Kings 8:51. The 'no peace' refrain recurs at 57:21.

Isaiah 48:1

שִׁמְעוּ־זֹאת בֵּית־יַעֲקֹב

Hear this, house of Jacob, you who are called by the name of Israel and who came from the waters of Judah — who swear by the name of the LORD and invoke the God of Israel, but not in truth or in righteousness.

KJV Hear ye this, O house of Jacob, which are called by the name of Israel, and are come forth out of the waters of Judah, which swear by the name of the LORD, and make mention of the God of Israel, but not in truth, nor in righteousness.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The opening is accusatory: Israel bears the right name and speaks the right words but lacks truth (emet) and righteousness (tsedaqah).
Isaiah 48:2

כִּי מֵעִיר הַקֹּדֶשׁ

For they call themselves after the holy city and lean on the God of Israel — the LORD of Hosts is His name.

KJV For they call themselves of the holy city, and stay themselves upon the God of Israel; The LORD of hosts is his name.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Israel claims Jerusalem and God as support, but the claim is hollow given v. 1's indictment.
Isaiah 48:3

הָרִאשֹׁנוֹת מֵאָז הִגַּדְתִּי

The former things I declared long ago; they went out from my mouth and I announced them. Then suddenly I acted, and they came to pass.

KJV I have declared the former things from the beginning; and they went forth out of my mouth, and I shewed them; I did them suddenly, and they came to pass.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God's pattern: declare in advance, then act suddenly. The purpose is explained in v. 5.
Isaiah 48:4

מִדַּעְתִּי כִּי קָשֶׁה אָתָּה

Because I knew how stubborn you are — your neck is an iron sinew, your forehead is bronze —

KJV Because I knew that thou art obstinate, and thy neck is an iron sinew, and thy brow brass;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Three metaphors for stubbornness: hard, iron-sinewed, bronze-faced. The metallic imagery makes resistance seem structural.
Isaiah 48:5

וָאַגִּיד לְךָ מֵאָז

therefore I declared it to you long ago; before it happened I announced it to you, lest you say, 'My idol did this, my carved image and my cast image commanded it.'

KJV I have even from the beginning declared it to thee; before it came to pass I shewed it thee: lest thou shouldest say, Mine idol hath done them, and my graven image, and my molten image, hath commanded them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The reason for advance declaration: to prevent idolatry from claiming credit. God's foreknowledge is both proof of divinity and prevention of false worship.
Isaiah 48:6

שָׁמַעְתָּ חֲזֵה כֻלָּהּ

You have heard — now look at all this! Will you not acknowledge it? From now on I announce new things to you, hidden things you have not known.

KJV Thou hast heard, see all this; and will not ye declare it? I have shewed thee new things from this time, even hidden things, and thou didst not know them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God shifts from 'former things' to 'new things' and 'hidden things' — fresh revelations. The challenge demands a response.
Isaiah 48:7

עַתָּה נִבְרְאוּ

They are created now, not long ago; before today you have not heard of them, lest you say, 'I already knew that.'

KJV They are created now, and not from the beginning; even before the day when thou heardest them not; lest thou shouldest say, Behold, I knew them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'new things' are created (nivr'u) at the moment of announcement, preventing Israel from claiming prior knowledge.
Isaiah 48:8

גַּם לֹא־שָׁמַעְתָּ

You have neither heard nor known; from of old your ear has not been opened. For I knew you would act utterly treacherously; you have been called a rebel from the womb.

KJV Yea, thou heardest not; yea, thou knewest not; yea, from that time that thine ear was not opened: for I knew that thou wouldest deal very treacherously, and wast called a transgressor from the womb.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The indictment intensifies: chronic deafness, innate treachery, a rebel from birth.
Isaiah 48:9

לְמַעַן שְׁמִי אַאֲרִיךְ אַפִּי

For the sake of my name I defer my anger; for the sake of my praise I hold it back from you, so as not to cut you off.

KJV For my name's sake will I defer mine anger, and for my praise will I refrain for thee, that I cut thee not off.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God's mercy is grounded in His own name, not Israel's merit. The verb a'arikh uses the same root as erekh appayim ('slow to anger,' Exodus 34:6).
Isaiah 48:10

הִנֵּה צְרַפְתִּיךָ

Look — I have refined you, but not as silver; I have tested you in the furnace of affliction.

KJV Behold, I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have chosen thee in the furnace of affliction.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God's refining did not apply the full heat — Israel would not survive silver-standard purification. Exile is the furnace (kur oni), painful but purposeful.
Isaiah 48:11

לְמַעֲנִי לְמַעֲנִי אֶעֱשֶׂה

For my own sake, for my own sake, I act — for how should my name be profaned? My glory I will not give to another.

KJV For mine own sake, even for mine own sake, will I do it: for how should my name be polluted? and I will not give my glory unto another.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The doubled lema'ani lema'ani is strikingly honest: God acts for His own reputation. The refusal to give kavod to another echoes 42:8.
Isaiah 48:12

שְׁמַע אֵלַי יַעֲקֹב

Listen to me, Jacob, and Israel, whom I called: I am He; I am the first, and I am the last.

KJV Hearken unto me, O Jacob and Israel, my called; I am he; I am the first, I also am the last.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The triple self-identification — ani hu, ani rishon, ani acharon — compresses God's identity. The 'first and last' appears in 41:4, 44:6 and Revelation 1:17, 22:13.
Isaiah 48:13

אַף־יָדִי יָסְדָה אֶרֶץ

My hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens. When I call to them, they stand together.

KJV Mine hand also hath laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand hath spanned the heavens: when I call unto them, they stand up together.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God as architect: His hand laid earth, His right hand stretched heavens. Creation responds to His voice like servants at attention.
Isaiah 48:14

הִקָּבְצוּ כֻלְּכֶם

Assemble, all of you, and listen. Which of them declared these things? The LORD loves him — he will carry out His purpose against Babylon, and his arm will be against the Chaldeans.

KJV All ye, assemble yourselves, and hear; which among them hath declared these things? The LORD hath loved him: he will do his pleasure on Babylon, and his arm shall be on the Chaldeans.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'him' is Cyrus, described as God's beloved instrument of judgment against Babylon.
Isaiah 48:15

אֲנִי אֲנִי דִּבַּרְתִּי

I, even I, have spoken; indeed I have called him. I have brought him, and he will succeed.

KJV I, even I, have spoken; yea, I have called him: I have brought him, and he shall make his way prosperous.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The emphatic ani ani ('I, even I') emphasizes that Cyrus's call and success are entirely God's doing.
Isaiah 48:16

קִרְבוּ אֵלַי שִׁמְעוּ זֹאת

Come near to me and hear this: From the beginning I have not spoken in secret; from the time it came to be, I was there. And now the Lord GOD has sent me, and His Spirit.

KJV Come ye near unto me, hear ye this; I have not spoken in secret from the beginning; from the time that it was, there am I: and now the Lord GOD, and his Spirit, hath sent me.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The speaker shifts — 'the Lord GOD has sent me and His Spirit' introduces a commissioned voice. The identity is debated: the Servant, the prophet, or a divine figure. We render as the Hebrew presents it.
Isaiah 48:17

כֹּה־אָמַר יְהוָה גֹּאַלְךָ

This is what the LORD says — your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: I am the LORD your God, who teaches you for your benefit, who leads you in the way you should go.

KJV Thus saith the LORD, thy Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel; I am the LORD thy God which teacheth thee to profit, which leadeth thee by the way that thou shouldest go.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

גֹּאֵל go'el
"Redeemer" redeemer, kinsman-redeemer, one who reclaims

Capitalized for God. Here paired with the Holy One of Israel.

Translator Notes

  1. Three titles: YHWH, go'alekha ('your Redeemer'), Qedosh Yisra'el ('the Holy One of Israel'). Two present participles: melammedkha ('teaching you') and madrikhakha ('leading you').
Isaiah 48:18

לוּ הִקְשַׁבְתָּ לְמִצְוֹתָי

If only you had paid attention to my commands! Then your peace would have been like a river, and your righteousness like the waves of the sea.

KJV O that thou hadst hearkened to my commandments! then had thy peace been as a river, and thy righteousness as the waves of the sea:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God grieves what might have been: shalom like a river (constant, flowing) and tsedaqah like sea waves (overwhelming). Disobedience cost them this.
Isaiah 48:19

וַיְהִי כַחוֹל זַרְעֶךָ

Your offspring would have been like the sand, your descendants like its grains. Their name would never have been cut off or destroyed from before me.

KJV Thy seed also had been as the sand, and the offspring of thy bowels like the gravel thereof; his name should not have been cut off nor destroyed from before me.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Abrahamic promise (Genesis 22:17) would have been fully realized. The conditional mood carries unrealized potential.
Isaiah 48:20

צְאוּ מִבָּבֶל בִּרְחוּ מִכַּשְׂדִּים

Go out from Babylon! Flee from the Chaldeans! With a shout of joy declare it, proclaim it, send it out to the ends of the earth. Say, 'The LORD has redeemed His servant Jacob!'

KJV Go ye forth of Babylon, flee ye from the Chaldeans, with a voice of singing declare ye, tell this, utter it even to the end of the earth; say ye, The LORD hath redeemed his servant Jacob.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

גָּאַל ga'al
"redeemed" to redeem, to act as kinsman-redeemer, to buy back

The verb form of go'el. God has acted as Israel's nearest kin, purchasing freedom from Babylon.

Translator Notes

  1. Six imperatives in rapid succession: go out, flee, declare, proclaim, send out, say. The final declaration ga'al YHWH avdo Ya'aqov uses the go'el verb — redemption accomplished.
Isaiah 48:21

וְלֹא צָמְאוּ בָּחֳרָבוֹת הוֹלִיכָם

They did not thirst when He led them through the deserts. He made water flow from the rock for them; He split the rock, and water gushed out.

KJV And they thirsted not when he led them through the deserts: he caused the waters to flow out of the rock for them: he clave the rock also, and the waters gushed out.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Exodus imagery: God splitting rock and water gushing echoes Exodus 17:6 and Numbers 20:11. The new exodus mirrors the original.
Isaiah 48:22

אֵין שָׁלוֹם אָמַר יְהוָה לָרְשָׁעִים

"There is no peace," says the LORD, "for the wicked."

KJV There is no peace, saith the LORD, unto the wicked.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

שָׁלוֹם shalom
"peace" peace, wholeness, well-being, completeness, flourishing

The denial of shalom is the most absolute exclusion possible. This refrain structures Second Isaiah into three parts.

Translator Notes

  1. The section divider: Second Isaiah's first third (chs. 40-48) ends here. The same refrain at 57:21 ends the second third. The word shalom encompasses all wholeness — the wicked are excluded from it entirely.