Jubilees / Chapter 16

Jubilees 16

31 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic) 1 tradition available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

The three angelic visitors come to Abraham at Mamre. The promise of Isaac is confirmed — Sarah will bear a son in one year. Abraham celebrates the Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot), establishing another patriarchal precedent for the later festival. The destruction of Sodom is foretold. Isaac is born, circumcised on the eighth day, and Abraham celebrates with a great feast.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

Abraham is the first human to celebrate Sukkot (vv. 20-31) — seven days of joy, building booths, and circling the altar with branches. This places Sukkot's origin not at Sinai but in the patriarchal period. The birth of Isaac at the appointed time confirms God's faithfulness to his promise. The chapter emphasizes joy repeatedly — Abraham's life from this point is characterized by celebration.

Translation Friction

The destruction of Sodom is mentioned almost in passing, with far less detail than Genesis 19. Lot's wife and the incest episode are absent — Jubilees significantly sanitizes the narrative.

Connections

Genesis 18:1-15 (three visitors); Genesis 18:16-33 (Sodom's judgment announced); Genesis 19 (Sodom's destruction); Genesis 21:1-7 (Isaac's birth); Leviticus 23:33-43 (Sukkot legislation); Nehemiah 8:14-17 (Sukkot celebration); John 7:37 (Jesus at Sukkot).

Jubilees 16:1

Ge'ez

On the new moon of the fourth month, we appeared to Abraham at the oak of Mamre. We spoke with him and announced that a son would be given to him through his wife Sarah.

REF And on the new moon of the fourth month we appeared unto Abraham, at the oak of Mamre, and we talked with him, and we announced to him that a son would be given to him by Sarah his wife.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The angel narrates in first person: 'we appeared.' The three visitors of Genesis 18:2 are identified as angels. The fourth month's new moon continues the calendar-anchoring of every major event.
Jubilees 16:2

Ge'ez

Sarah laughed, for she overheard us speaking these words with Abraham. We rebuked her, and she became afraid and denied that she had laughed because of the words.

REF And Sarah laughed, for she heard that we had spoken these words with Abraham, and we admonished her, and she became afraid, and denied that she had laughed on account of the words.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 18:12-15. Sarah's laughter is complex — disbelief, joy, embarrassment. The angels' rebuke is gentle but firm: the promise is not a joke.
Jubilees 16:3

Ge'ez

We told her the name of her son, as his name is ordained and written on the heavenly tablets: Isaac.

REF And we told her the name of her son, as his name is ordained and written in the heavenly tablets (i.e.) Isaac.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Isaac's name is not a spontaneous human choice but a divinely ordained name recorded on the heavenly tablets before his birth. The name ('he laughs') memorializes both Abraham's and Sarah's responses.
Jubilees 16:4

Ge'ez

When we returned to her at the appointed time, she had conceived a son.

REF And when we returned to her at a set time, she had conceived a son.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'At a set time' — the conception is precisely timed according to divine scheduling. Nothing about Isaac is accidental.
Jubilees 16:5

Ge'ez

In this month the LORD executed his judgments on Sodom, Gomorrah, Zeboiim, and the whole Jordan region. He burned them with fire and sulfur and destroyed them to this day, as I have declared to you concerning all their deeds — for they were wicked and exceedingly sinful, defiling themselves and committing sexual immorality and working impurity on the earth.

REF And in this month the Lord executed His judgments on Sodom and Gomorrah and Zeboim and all the region of the Jordan, and He burned them with fire and brimstone, and destroyed them until this day, even as I have declared unto thee all their works, that they are wicked and sinners exceedingly, and that they defile themselves and commit fornication in their flesh, and work uncleanness on the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sodom's destruction is compressed into a single verse — no angels at Lot's door, no mob scene, no negotiation. For Jubilees, the essential fact is the judgment itself and its cause: extreme sexual sin and impurity.
Jubilees 16:6

Ge'ez

In the same way, God will execute judgment on any places where people act according to the impurity of the Sodomites — a judgment like that of Sodom.

REF And in like manner God will execute judgment on the places where they have done according to the uncleanness of the Sodomites, like unto the judgment of Sodom.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sodom becomes a paradigm — not a one-time event but a pattern. Any community that replicates Sodom's sins will receive Sodom's punishment. Compare 2 Peter 2:6 and Jude 7.
Jubilees 16:7

Ge'ez

But we saved Lot, for God remembered Abraham and sent Lot out from the midst of the destruction.

REF But Lot we saved; for God remembered Abraham, and sent him out from the midst of the overthrow.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 19:29. Lot is saved for Abraham's sake, not his own merit. 'God remembered Abraham' — the covenant relationship provides vicarious protection.
Jubilees 16:8

Ge'ez

He and his daughters committed a sin on the earth such as had not occurred since the days of Adam until his time, for the man lay with his daughters.

REF And he and his daughters committed sin upon the earth, such as had not been on the earth since the days of Adam till his time; for the man lay with his daughters.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Lot's incest (Genesis 19:30-38) is noted but briefly — the narrator treats it as a terrible aberration. The phrase 'since the days of Adam' emphasizes its uniqueness in the history of sin.
Jubilees 16:9

Ge'ez

It was commanded and inscribed on the heavenly tablets concerning all his descendants: to remove and uproot them and to execute judgment on them like the judgment of Sodom, leaving none of that man's descendants on earth on the day of condemnation.

REF And it was commanded and engraved concerning all his seed, on the heavenly tablets, to remove them and root them out and to execute judgment upon them like the judgment of Sodom, and to leave no seed of the man on earth on the day of condemnation.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A severe heavenly-tablet decree against Lot's descendants (Moab and Ammon). This reflects sectarian hostility toward these peoples, going beyond the more moderate biblical tradition that accepts Moabite Ruth into Israel's lineage.
Jubilees 16:10

Ge'ez

In this month Abraham moved from Hebron and settled between Kadesh and Shur in the mountains of Gerar.

REF And in this month Abraham moved from Hebron, and departed and dwelt between Kadesh and Shur in the mountains of Gerar.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 20:1. Abraham moves south — the Gerar episode with Abimelech follows (though Jubilees abbreviates it significantly).
Jubilees 16:11

Ge'ez

In the middle of the fifth month he moved from there and settled at the Well of the Oath.

REF And in the middle of the fifth month he moved from thence, and dwelt at the Well of the Oath.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Well of the Oath (Beer-sheba, cf. Genesis 21:31) becomes Abraham's base. The name anticipates the oath he will swear there.
Jubilees 16:12

Ge'ez

In the middle of the sixth month, the LORD visited Sarah and did for her as he had promised, and she conceived.

REF And in the middle of the sixth month the Lord visited Sarah and did unto her as He had spoken and she conceived.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:1. 'Visited' (paqad) — God's personal intervention in Sarah's barrenness. The promise moves from word to biology.
Jubilees 16:13

Ge'ez

She bore a son in the third month, in the middle of the month, at the time the LORD had spoken of to Abraham — on the festival of the firstfruits of the harvest. Isaac was born.

REF And she bare a son in the third month, and in the middle of the month, at the time of which the Lord had spoken to Abraham, on the festival of the first-fruits of the harvest, Isaac was born.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Isaac is born on the Feast of Firstfruits — he is literally the firstfruit of the promise. The third month (Sivan) links his birth to the covenant month. Every detail aligns with the sacred calendar.
Jubilees 16:14

Ge'ez

Abraham circumcised his son on the eighth day. He was the first to be circumcised according to the covenant ordained forever.

REF And Abraham circumcised his son on the eighth day: he was the first that was circumcised according to the covenant which is ordained for ever.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Isaac is the first person circumcised on the eighth day as prescribed — Abraham and Ishmael were circumcised as adults. Isaac's circumcision is the model for all subsequent practice.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)theological

Evil spirit 'from the LORD' upon Saul reframed: God withdraws his spirit rather than sending an evil one

The KJV reads that 'an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him,' attributing Saul's affliction directly to divine agency. The JST reframes this so that the Lord withdraws his protective or guiding spirit, and the troubling spirit that follows is not sent by God but is a consequence of divine absence. This is consistent with JST's pattern of removing divine authorship of evil.

Jubilees 16:15

Ge'ez

In the second year he weaned him. Abraham held a great feast in the third month, on the day his son Isaac was weaned.

REF And in the second year he weaned him, and Abraham made a great banquet in the third month, on the day that his son Isaac was weaned.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:8. The weaning feast is a major celebration — Isaac's survival to weaning age was not guaranteed in the ancient world.
Jubilees 16:16

Ge'ez

Ishmael, the son of Hagar the Egyptian, was there before his father Abraham in his place. Abraham rejoiced and blessed God because he had seen his sons and had not died childless.

REF And Ishmael, the son of Hagar, the Egyptian, was before the face of Abraham, his father, in his place, and Abraham rejoiced and blessed God because he had seen his sons and had not died childless.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Both sons present — a moment of family wholeness before the coming separation. Abraham's joy is profound: his deepest fear (dying childless) has been overcome.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)theological

Law and prophets until John — the kingdom of God since preached — transition reframed

The JST footnote revises this difficult transitional saying about the role of John the Baptist as the terminus of the old era, clarifying the relationship between the Law, the Prophets, and the new covenant proclamation.

Jubilees 16:17

Ge'ez

He remembered the words God had spoken to him on the day Lot separated from him, and he rejoiced because the LORD had given him offspring on the earth to inherit it. He blessed the Creator of all things with his whole mouth.

REF And he remembered the words which He had spoken to him on the day on which Lot had parted from him, and he rejoiced because the Lord had given him seed upon the earth to inherit the earth, and he blessed with all his mouth the Creator of all things.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Memory and fulfillment — Abraham connects the current moment to the earlier promise. The blessing is total: 'with all his mouth,' holding nothing back.
Jubilees 16:18

Ge'ez

Sarah saw Ishmael playing and dancing while Abraham rejoiced with great joy, and she became jealous of Ishmael. She said to Abraham, 'Cast out this slave woman and her son, for the son of this slave woman will not inherit with my son Isaac.'

REF And Sarah saw Ishmael playing and dancing, and Abraham rejoicing with great joy, and she became jealous of Ishmael and said to Abraham: 'Cast out this bondwoman and her son; for the son of this bondwoman will not be heir with my son, with Isaac.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:9-10. Sarah's jealousy is motivated by inheritance concerns — Ishmael's presence threatens Isaac's sole inheritance. Paul reads this allegorically in Galatians 4:30.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)ethical

Divorce and remarriage causing adultery — qualified or contextualized

The JST footnote at this verse on divorce and adultery adds context or qualification to the absolute statement in the KJV, consistent with JST's nuanced handling of marriage law.

Jubilees 16:19

Ge'ez

The matter deeply grieved Abraham because of his servant and his son — that he should have to send them away.

REF And the thing was grievous in Abraham's sight, because of his maidservant and because of his son, that he should drive them from him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:11. Abraham's grief is real — he loves Ishmael. The demand to expel his son is emotionally devastating.
Jubilees 16:20

Ge'ez

God said to Abraham, 'Do not let this grieve you because of the boy and the slave woman. In everything Sarah has said to you, listen to her words and do them, for through Isaac your name and descendants will be called.

REF And God said to Abraham: 'Let it not be grievous in thy sight, because of the child and because of the bondwoman; in all that Sarah hath said unto thee, hearken to her words and do (them); for in Isaac shall thy name and seed be called.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:12. God validates Sarah's demand — the covenant line runs through Isaac alone. 'In Isaac shall your seed be called' becomes a key text in Romans 9:7 and Hebrews 11:18.
Jubilees 16:21

Ge'ez

As for the son of this slave woman, I will make him a great nation too, because he is your offspring.'

REF But as for the son of this bondwoman I will make him a great nation, because he is of thy seed.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:13. Ishmael receives a genuine promise — nationhood — because of Abraham's paternity. Blessing flows through Abraham even to the non-covenant line.
Jubilees 16:22

Ge'ez

Abraham rose early in the morning, took bread and a skin of water, placed them on Hagar's shoulders along with the child, and sent her away.

REF And Abraham rose early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and placed them on the shoulders of Hagar, and the child, and sent her away.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:14. The sparse provision — bread and a single water-skin — emphasizes the vulnerability of Hagar and Ishmael. Abraham sends them into the wilderness with almost nothing.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)eschatological

Rich man and Lazarus — the beggar's destination or state revised

The JST footnote revises details of Lazarus's post-death state in the parable, providing Restoration-consistent language about the spirit world.

Jubilees 16:23

Ge'ez

She departed and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba. The water in the skin ran out, and the child became thirsty and could not go on, and collapsed.

REF And she departed and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba, and the water in the bottle was spent, and the child thirsted, and was not able to go on, and fell down.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:15-16. The desperation escalates rapidly — dehydration in the desert is lethal. This is one of the Bible's most poignant scenes.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)eschatological

Rich man in hell — nature or location of torment qualified

Follows from v. 22. The JST revision nuances the rich man's 'hell' (Greek: Hades), which in Restoration theology is understood as the spirit prison rather than final perdition.

Jubilees 16:24

Ge'ez

His mother picked him up and placed him under an olive tree, then went and sat down at a distance of about a bowshot away, saying, 'I cannot bear to watch my child die.' As she sat there, she wept.

REF And his mother took him and cast him under an olive tree, and went and sat her down over against him, at the distance of a bow-shot; for she said, 'Let me not see the death of my child,' and as she sat she wept.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Hagar's grief is raw and maternal. She distances herself because she cannot endure watching Ishmael die — a detail that makes this one of the most emotionally powerful passages in ancient literature.
Jubilees 16:25

Ge'ez

An angel of God, one of the holy ones, said to her, 'What troubles you, Hagar? Rise, take the child, and hold him in your hand, for God has heard your voice and has seen the child.'

REF And an angel of God, one of the holy ones, said unto her, 'What aileth thee, Hagar? Arise, take the child, and hold him in thine hand; for God hath heard thy voice, and hath seen the child.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:17-18. God hears — Ishmael's name ('God hears') is fulfilled in his rescue. The angel's instruction is practical: pick up the child and hold him.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)ethical

'Save his life' / 'lose his life' paradox clarified with qualifier about the soul

The JST footnote adds precision to the famous paradox of losing and finding life, likely specifying what kind of life is meant in each instance (temporal vs. eternal) to prevent misreading the discipleship cost as mere physical danger.

Jubilees 16:26

Ge'ez

She opened her eyes and saw a well of water. She went and filled her water-skin, gave her child a drink, and set out toward the wilderness of Paran.

REF And she opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water, and she went and filled her bottle with water, and she gave her child to drink, and she arose and went towards the wilderness of Paran.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 21:19-21. The well was there all along — she needed her eyes opened to see it. Providence often works through perception, not new creation.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)ethical

Profit-the-whole-world-and-lose-soul saying clarified

Complements the v. 25 footnote. The JST revises the rhetorical question 'what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?' to sharpen the soul-world exchange language.

Jubilees 16:27

Ge'ez

In the first year of the first week of the forty-second jubilee, Abraham returned and lived near Hebron — that is, Kiriath-arba — for two weeks of years.

REF And in the first year of the first week in the forty-second jubilee, Abraham returned and dwelt opposite Hebron, that is Kirjath Arba, two weeks of years.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Abraham returns to Hebron — his consistent home base. Two weeks of years = 14 years of residence.
Jubilees 16:28

Ge'ez

In the first year of the third week of this jubilee, the days of Sarah's life were completed, and she died in Hebron.

REF And in the first year of the third week of this jubilee the days of the life of Sarah were accomplished, and she died in Hebron.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sarah's death is noted briefly here, with more detail in subsequent chapters. She dies in Hebron — the city most closely associated with the patriarchal family.
Jubilees 16:29

Ge'ez

Abraham went to mourn and bury her. We tested him to see if his spirit was patient and whether he would speak in anger. He was found patient in this and was not disturbed.

REF And Abraham went to mourn over her and bury her, and we tried him [to see] if his spirit were patient and he were not indignant in the words of his mouth; and he was found patient in this, and was not disturbed.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sarah's death is a test of Abraham — the angels observe his response. His patience in grief is a form of faith. No angry words, no accusation against God. Compare Job's response to loss (Job 1:21).
Jubilees 16:30

Ge'ez

In patience of spirit he negotiated with the children of Heth, so that they would give him a place to bury his dead.

REF For in patience of spirit he conversed with the children of Heth, to the intent that they should give him a place in which to bury his dead.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 23:3-16. The purchase of the cave of Machpelah — Abraham's only land acquisition in Canaan. His calm negotiation is presented as spiritual maturity.
Jubilees 16:31

Ge'ez

The LORD found him faithful in everything in which he was tested. Abraham's soul was never impatient, and he was never slow to act, for he was faithful and a lover of the LORD.

REF And the Lord was found faithful in all things wherein He proved him, and Abraham's soul was not impatient; and he was not slow to act; for he was faithful, and a lover of the Lord.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A summary assessment of Abraham's character: faithful in testing, patient in spirit, prompt in obedience. 'A lover of the LORD' — this title echoes Isaiah 41:8 ('Abraham my friend/lover') and James 2:23 ('friend of God').