Jubilees / Chapter 15

Jubilees 15

34 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic) 1 tradition available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

God appears to Abram and establishes the covenant of circumcision. Abram is renamed Abraham and Sarai becomes Sarah. God promises Isaac's birth. Abraham circumcises himself, Ishmael, and all males in his household. The chapter delivers an extended halakhic section on circumcision as an eternal, absolute requirement — angels were circumcised from creation, and any uncircumcised male is destined for destruction.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

This is Jubilees' most halakhically intense chapter. Circumcision is not merely a covenant sign but an ontological marker: angels of the Presence and angels of sanctification were created circumcised (v. 27). Israel's circumcision makes them like the highest angels. The penalty for non-circumcision is not just exclusion from the covenant but cosmic rejection — the uncircumcised belong to 'the children of destruction' (v. 26). The eighth-day requirement is absolute; violating it forfeits covenant membership entirely.

Translation Friction

The extreme exclusivism regarding circumcision — that the uncircumcised are destined for destruction regardless of other factors — creates significant tension with later Jewish and Christian theology. The claim that angels are circumcised is unique to Jubilees and raises conceptual difficulties about angelic bodies.

Connections

Genesis 17 (circumcision covenant); Exodus 4:24-26 (circumcision crisis); Leviticus 12:3 (eighth-day circumcision); Joshua 5:2-9 (circumcision at Gilgal); Romans 4:9-12 (faith before circumcision); Galatians 5:2-6 (Paul's reinterpretation); 1 Maccabees 1:60-61 (circumcision under persecution).

Jubilees 15:1

Ge'ez

In the fifth year of the fourth week of this jubilee, in the third month, in the middle of the month, Abram celebrated the feast of the firstfruits of the grain harvest.

REF And in the fifth year of the fourth week of this jubilee, in the third month, in the middle of the month, Abram celebrated the feast of the first-fruits of the grain harvest.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Again Abram observes the Feast of Firstfruits — his regular practice links him to the agricultural-liturgical calendar.
Jubilees 15:2

Ge'ez

He offered new offerings on the altar — the firstfruits of the produce — to the LORD: a heifer, a goat, and a sheep as burnt offerings on the altar, with their grain offerings and drink offerings and frankincense.

REF And he offered new offerings on the altar, the first-fruits of the produce, unto the Lord, a heifer, and a goat, and a sheep on the altar as a burnt sacrifice unto the Lord; their fruit offerings and their drink offerings he offered upon the altar with frankincense.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A comprehensive offering: animals, grain, wine, and incense. Every element of later Temple worship is present in Abram's patriarchal practice.
Jubilees 15:3

Ge'ez

The LORD appeared to Abram and said, 'I am God Almighty. Walk before me and be blameless.

REF And the Lord appeared to Abram, and said unto him: 'I am God Almighty; approve thyself before Me and be thou perfect.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:1. 'God Almighty' (El Shaddai) is the patriarchal name for God. 'Be blameless' (tamim) — the same word used for sacrificial animals without blemish. Abraham is to be a living offering.
Jubilees 15:4

Ge'ez

I will establish my covenant between me and you, and I will multiply you exceedingly.'

REF And I will make My covenant between Me and thee, and I will multiply thee exceedingly.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:2. The covenant of circumcision is formally announced. 'Between me and you' — bilateral but initiated by God.
Jubilees 15:5

Ge'ez

Abram fell on his face, and God spoke with him, saying:

REF And Abram fell on his face, and God talked with him, and said:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Prostration is the appropriate response to divine covenant-making. Abram's posture expresses total submission.
Jubilees 15:6

Ge'ez

'My covenant is with you. You will be the father of many nations. Your name will no longer be Abram but Abraham from now on, forever, for I have made you the father of many nations.

REF 'Behold my ordinance is with thee, And thou shalt be the father of many nations. And thy name shall no more be called Abram, But thy name from henceforth, even for ever, shall be Abraham. For the father of many nations have I made thee.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:4-5. The name change from Abram ('exalted father') to Abraham ('father of a multitude') is a prophetic renaming — the name declares the promise before it is fulfilled.
Jubilees 15:7

Ge'ez

I will make you very great. I will make nations from you, and kings will descend from you.

REF And I will make thee very great, And I will make thee into nations, And kings shall come from thee.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:6. Not just descendants but nations and kings — the promise escalates from family to royalty.
Jubilees 15:8

Ge'ez

I will establish my covenant between me and you and your descendants after you throughout their generations as an eternal covenant, so that I may be God to you and to your descendants after you.

REF And I will establish My covenant between Me and thee, And between thy seed after thee, in their generations, for an eternal covenant, so that I may be God unto thee and to thy seed after thee.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:7. 'Eternal covenant' — it cannot expire or be superseded. The covenant formula ('I will be God to you') defines the relationship.
Jubilees 15:9

Ge'ez

I will give to you and to your descendants after you the land where you have been a sojourner — the land of Canaan — for you to possess forever, and I will be their God.'

REF And I will give to thee and to thy seed after thee the land where thou hast been a sojourner, the land of Canaan, that thou mayest possess it for ever, and I will be their God.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:8. The land promise is tied to the circumcision covenant. Possession is 'forever' — not temporary or conditional.
Jubilees 15:10

Ge'ez

God said to Abraham, 'As for you, keep my covenant — you and your descendants after you. Circumcise every male among you; circumcise your foreskins, and it will be a sign of an eternal covenant between me and you.

REF And God said unto Abraham: 'And as for thee, do thou keep my covenant, thou and thy seed after thee: and circumcise ye every male among you, and circumcise your foreskins, and it shall be a token of an eternal covenant between Me and you.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:9-11. Circumcision is the sign (ot) of the covenant — a permanent physical mark that identifies covenant membership. It is the human obligation within the bilateral covenant.
Jubilees 15:11

Ge'ez

On the eighth day you shall circumcise every male child throughout your generations — whether born in the house or purchased with money from any foreigner whom you have acquired, who is not of your seed.

REF And the child on the eighth day ye shall circumcise, every male throughout your generations, him that is born in the house, or whom ye have bought with money from any stranger, whom ye have acquired who is not of thy seed.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:12. The eighth day is non-negotiable in Jubilees' halakhah. The requirement extends to household members who are not biological descendants — the covenant community is defined by circumcision, not genetics alone.
Jubilees 15:12

Ge'ez

Those born in your house and those purchased with money must certainly be circumcised. My covenant will be in your flesh as an eternal ordinance.

REF He that is born in thy house shall surely be circumcised, and those that are bought with money shall be circumcised; and My covenant shall be in your flesh for an eternal ordinance.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'In your flesh' — the covenant is literally embodied. It cannot be forgotten or neglected; it is a permanent physical reality.
Jubilees 15:13

Ge'ez

Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin on the eighth day — that person will be cut off from his people, for he has broken my covenant.'

REF And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin on the eighth day, that soul shall be cut off from his people, for he has broken My covenant.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:14. 'Cut off' (karet) is the most severe biblical penalty — exclusion from the community and from God's favor. The eighth-day specification is absolute.
Jubilees 15:14

Ge'ez

God said to Abraham, 'As for your wife Sarai, her name will no longer be Sarai. Her name will be Sarah.

REF And God said to Abraham: 'As for Sarai thy wife, her name shall no more be called Sarai, but Sarah shall be her name.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:15. Sarah's renaming parallels Abraham's — both receive new identities as the covenant is established. 'Sarah' means 'princess.'
Jubilees 15:15

Ge'ez

I will bless her and give you a son through her. I will bless him, and he will become a nation, and kings of nations will descend from him.'

REF And I will bless her, and give thee a son by her, and I will bless him, and he shall become a nation, and kings of nations shall proceed from him.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:16. The promise of Isaac — Sarah herself will bear the heir. Kings from Isaac's line will rule nations (fulfilled in David's dynasty and beyond).
Jubilees 15:16

Ge'ez

Abraham fell on his face and rejoiced, saying in his heart, 'Can a son be born to a man who is a hundred years old? Can Sarah, who is ninety, give birth?'

REF And Abraham fell on his face, and rejoiced, and said in his heart: 'Shall a son be born to him that is a hundred years old, and shall Sarah, who is ninety years old, bring forth?'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:17. Jubilees says Abraham 'rejoiced' rather than 'laughed' — softening the ambiguity of Genesis where the laughter could be joyful or skeptical. The internal monologue expresses wonder, not doubt.
Jubilees 15:17

Ge'ez

Abraham said to God, 'If only Ishmael might live before you!'

REF And Abraham said unto God: 'O that Ishmael might live before thee!'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:18. Abraham's love for Ishmael is genuine — he asks for God's blessing on his existing son even while hearing about the promised son.
Jubilees 15:18

Ge'ez

God said, 'Yes, but Sarah will bear you a son, and you will call his name Isaac. I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant, and with his descendants after him.

REF And God said: 'Yea, and Sarah also shall bear thee a son, and thou shalt call his name Isaac, and I will establish My covenant with him, an everlasting covenant, and for his seed after him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:19. Isaac is named before birth — his name (Yitzhak, 'he laughs/will laugh') commemorates Abraham's reaction. The covenant passes through Isaac specifically, not Ishmael.
Jubilees 15:19

Ge'ez

As for Ishmael, I have heard you. I will bless him and make him great and multiply him exceedingly. He will father twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation.

REF And as for Ishmael, I have heard thee, and I will bless him, and will make him great, and will multiply him exceedingly, and he will beget twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:20. Ishmael receives genuine blessing — greatness, twelve princes, nationhood — but not the covenant. The distinction between blessing and covenant is crucial.
Jubilees 15:20

Ge'ez

But my covenant I will establish with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to you at this time next year.'

REF But My covenant will I establish with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear to thee, in these days, in the next year.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:21. The covenant line is specified with precision: Isaac, not Ishmael. The timing — 'next year' — makes the promise imminent.
Jubilees 15:21

Ge'ez

He finished speaking with him, and God went up from Abraham.

REF And He left off speaking with him, and God went up from Abraham.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:22. God ascends — the divine visitation ends. The vertical imagery emphasizes the distance between heaven and earth that God bridged for this conversation.
Jubilees 15:22

Ge'ez

Abraham did as God had commanded him. He took his son Ishmael and all who were born in his house and all he had purchased with money — every male in his household — and circumcised the flesh of their foreskins.

REF And Abraham did according as God had said unto him, and he took Ishmael his son, and all that were born in his house, and whom he had bought with his money, every male in his house, and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:23. Immediate obedience — Abraham acts the same day he receives the command. The household-wide circumcision establishes a covenant community.
Jubilees 15:23

Ge'ez

On that very day Abraham was circumcised, along with all the men of his household — those born in the house and those purchased with money from foreigners — all were circumcised with him.

REF And on that very day Abraham was circumcised, and all the men of his house, (and those born in the house), and all those, whom he had bought with money from the children of the stranger, were circumcised with him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 17:26-27. Abraham circumcises himself at ninety-nine — a painful act of obedience at an advanced age. He does not exempt himself from the requirement.
Jubilees 15:24

Ge'ez

This law is for all generations forever. There is no adjusting of the days and no omitting even one day of the eight, for it is an eternal ordinance, ordained and written on the heavenly tablets.

REF This law is for all the generations for ever, and there is no circumcision of the days, and no omission of one day out of the eight days; for it is an eternal ordinance, ordained and written on the heavenly tablets.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The eighth-day requirement is absolute and heavenly-tablet-authorized. No delay is permitted for any reason — a stricter position than later rabbinic halakhah, which permits delay for health reasons.
Jubilees 15:25

Ge'ez

Everyone who is born and whose foreskin is not circumcised on the eighth day does not belong to the children of the covenant that the LORD made with Abraham, but to the children of destruction. There is no sign on him that he belongs to the LORD. He is destined to be destroyed and killed from the earth and uprooted from the earth, for he has broken the covenant of the LORD our God.

REF And every one that is born, the flesh of whose foreskin is not circumcised on the eighth day, belongeth not to the children of the covenant which the Lord made with Abraham, but to the children of destruction; nor is there, moreover, any sign on him that he is the Lord's, but (he is destined) to be destroyed and slain from the earth, and to be rooted out of the earth, for he has broken the covenant of the Lord our God.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The most extreme statement in Jubilees: the uncircumcised belong to 'the children of destruction.' Without circumcision, there is no covenant membership, no divine sign, and no protection. This binary — circumcised/covenant or uncircumcised/destruction — admits no middle ground.
Jubilees 15:26

Ge'ez

For all the angels of the Presence and all the angels of sanctification were created this way from the day of their creation. Before the angels of the Presence and the angels of sanctification, he sanctified Israel to be with him and with his holy angels.

REF For all the angels of the presence and all the angels of sanctification have been so created from the day of their creation, and before the angels of the presence and the angels of sanctification He hath sanctified Israel, that they should be with Him and with His holy angels.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The stunning claim: the two highest orders of angels were created circumcised. Israel's circumcision makes them like the highest angels. God sanctified Israel 'before' (in the presence of) these angels — a cosmic public declaration.
Jubilees 15:27

Ge'ez

Command the children of Israel to observe the sign of this covenant throughout their generations as an eternal ordinance, and they will not be uprooted from the land.

REF And do thou command the children of Israel and let them observe the sign of this covenant for their generations as an eternal ordinance, and they will not be rooted out of the land.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Circumcision guarantees land-security. The promised land and circumcision are inseparable — lose one, lose the other.
Jubilees 15:28

Ge'ez

For the command is ordained as a covenant, to be observed forever among all the children of Israel.

REF For the command is ordained for a covenant, that they should observe it for ever among all the children of Israel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The chapter closes by reaffirming the eternal, non-negotiable nature of circumcision. This is the most emphatic legal passage in the entire book.
Jubilees 15:29

Ge'ez

As for Ishmael and his sons and his brothers, and Esau — the LORD did not draw them near to himself. He did not choose them, even though they are Abraham's children, because he knew them. But he chose Israel to be his people.

REF For Ishmael and his sons and his brothers and Esau, the Lord did not cause to approach Him, and he chose them not because they are the children of Abraham, because He knew them, but He chose Israel to be His people.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Election is God's sovereign act — biological descent from Abraham is necessary but not sufficient. Ishmael and Esau are Abraham's children but not God's chosen. 'He knew them' — divine foreknowledge determines election.
Jubilees 15:30

Ge'ez

He sanctified Israel and gathered it from among all humanity, for there are many nations and many peoples — all belong to him — and over all of them he has placed spirits in authority to lead them astray from him.

REF And He sanctified it, and gathered it from amongst all the children of men; for there are many nations and many peoples, and all are His, and over all hath He placed spirits in authority to lead them astray from Him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A remarkable and troubling verse: God has placed spirits (angels/demons) over the nations to lead them astray. Israel alone is freed from this governance. This parallels Deuteronomy 32:8-9 (LXX: 'sons of God' assigned to nations) and the Qumran War Scroll's angelic national guardians.
Jubilees 15:31

Ge'ez

But over Israel he appointed no angel or spirit, for he alone is their ruler. He will guard them and hold his angels and spirits and all his powers accountable for them, in order to protect them and bless them, so that they may be his and he may be theirs, from now until eternity.

REF But over Israel He did not appoint any angel or spirit, for He alone is their ruler, and He will preserve them and require them at the hand of His angels and His spirits, and at the hand of all His powers in order that He may preserve them and bless them, and that they may be His and He may be theirs from henceforth for ever.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Israel has no angelic mediator — God rules them directly. Other nations have angels (cf. Daniel 10:13, 20-21), but Israel's angel is God himself. This direct divine governance is the highest privilege and the basis for all of Israel's unique obligations.
Jubilees 15:32

Ge'ez

I now announce to you that the children of Israel will not faithfully keep this ordinance. They will not circumcise their sons according to this entire law, for some will neglect the circumcision of their sons. All of them who are sons of Beliar will leave their sons uncircumcised as they were born.

REF And I will now announce unto thee that the children of Israel will not keep true to this ordinance, and they will not circumcise their sons according to all this law; for in the flesh of their circumcision they will omit this circumcision of their sons, and all of them, sons of Beliar, will leave their sons uncircumcised as they were born.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A prophecy of future neglect — some Israelites will abandon circumcision. 'Sons of Beliar' marks them as belonging to the enemy, not to God. This may refer to Hellenizing Jews under Antiochus IV who reversed circumcision (1 Maccabees 1:15).
Jubilees 15:33

Ge'ez

There will be great wrath from the LORD against the children of Israel because they have abandoned his covenant, turned from his word, and provoked and blasphemed him by not observing this law. They have treated their bodies like the Gentiles, so they will be removed and uprooted from the land.

REF And there will be great wrath from the Lord against the children of Israel, because they have forsaken His covenant, and turned aside from His word, and provoked and blasphemed, inasmuch as they do not observe the ordinance of this law; for they have treated their members like the Gentiles, so that they may be removed and rooted out of the land.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Failure to circumcise = treating one's body 'like the Gentiles' = abandoning covenant identity. The punishment is exile — removal from the land that circumcision was meant to secure.
Jubilees 15:34

Ge'ez

There is no pardon or forgiveness for them — they will not be forgiven for the sin of this eternal transgression.

REF And there is therefore no pardon or forgiveness unto them that they should be forgiven and pardoned for all the sin of this eternal error.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The harshest sentence in Jubilees: neglect of circumcision is unforgivable. This absolutism distinguishes Jubilees from other Second Temple texts that allow for broader repentance. For the author, circumcision is non-negotiable.