Jubilees / Chapter 2

Jubilees 2

33 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic) 1 tradition available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

The Angel of the Presence recounts the six days of creation and the institution of the Sabbath. The 364-day solar calendar is embedded in the creation account itself. God sanctifies the Sabbath as an eternal sign between himself and Israel, with angels already observing it in heaven.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

Jubilees transforms Genesis 1 into a calendar text. The creation of angelic orders on day one is a major addition not found in Genesis. The Sabbath section (vv. 17-33) is the longest in the chapter, revealing the author's primary concern: Sabbath is not merely a commandment but a cosmic institution observed by the two highest classes of angels. Israel is uniquely chosen to share in this angelic practice.

Translation Friction

The claim that angels keep Sabbath in heaven raises questions about the nature of angelic 'rest.' The text's insistence that only Israel (not other nations) may keep Sabbath creates tension with universalist strands in the prophets.

Connections

Genesis 1:1-2:3 (creation account); Exodus 20:8-11, 31:12-17 (Sabbath commandments); 1 Enoch 72-82 (Astronomical Book, 364-day calendar); 4Q252 (Genesis Commentary with jubilee dating); CD 10:14-11:18 (Damascus Document Sabbath laws).

Jubilees 2:1

Ge'ez

The Angel of the Presence spoke to Moses according to the word of the LORD, saying: Write the complete history of creation — how in six days the Lord God finished all his works and everything he created, and kept the Sabbath on the seventh day and made it holy for all ages, and set it as a sign over all his works.

REF And the angel of the presence spake to Moses according to the word of the Lord, saying: Write the complete history of the creation, how in six days the Lord God finished all His works and all that He created, and kept Sabbath on the seventh day and hallowed it for all ages, and appointed it as a sign for all His works.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The angel begins his dictation. 'Complete history' signals that this will supplement Genesis, not merely repeat it. The Sabbath is mentioned before the creation account even begins — it is the lens through which creation is viewed.
Jubilees 2:2

Ge'ez

On the first day he created the heavens above and the earth and the waters and all the spirits who serve before him: the angels of the Presence, the angels of sanctification, the angels of the spirit of fire, the angels of the spirit of the winds, the angels of the spirit of the clouds and of darkness and of snow and of hail and of frost, the angels of the sounds and of the thunder and of the lightning, the angels of the spirits of cold and of heat, of winter and of spring, of autumn and of summer — all the spirits of his creatures that are in the heavens and on the earth.

REF For on the first day He created the heavens which are above and the earth and the waters and all the spirits which serve before Him — the angels of the presence, and the angels of sanctification, and the angels of the spirit of fire and the angels of the spirit of the winds, and the angels of the spirit of the clouds, and of darkness, and of snow and of hail and of hoar frost, and the angels of the voices and of the thunder and of the lightning, and the angels of the spirits of cold and of heat, and of winter and of spring and of autumn and of summer, and of all the spirits of His creatures which are in the heavens and on the earth.

Notes & Key Terms 2 terms

Key Terms

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Translator Notes

  1. A massive expansion of Genesis 1:1. Angels are created on day one — this settles a rabbinic debate. The hierarchy is significant: angels of the Presence and angels of sanctification are the two highest orders. Nature angels govern weather and seasons, embedding divine governance in natural phenomena.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)eschatological

Day of Christ warning — 'is at hand' timing qualified

The JST footnote revises the warning not to be 'shaken in mind' that the day of Christ 'is at hand,' adjusting the temporal language to address how the Thessalonian community should understand eschatological urgency without despair.

Jubilees 2:3

Ge'ez

He created the deep and the darkness, evening and night, and the light, dawn and day, which he prepared in the knowledge of his heart.

REF (He created) the abysses and the darkness, eventide (and night), and the light, dawn and day, which He hath prepared in the knowledge of His heart.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'Knowledge of his heart' — creation is intentional and personal, not mechanical. The pairing of darkness/evening/night with light/dawn/day establishes the dualistic framework that runs through Jubilees.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)eschatological

Apostasy must come first — the falling away before the Day of the Lord clarified

The JST footnote at the famous apostasy-before-return verse adjusts the description of the 'falling away' (Greek: apostasia) and the 'man of sin,' providing additional clarity consistent with Restoration Great Apostasy theology.

Jubilees 2:4

Ge'ez

Then we saw his works and praised him, glorifying him for all his works, for he created seven great works on the first day.

REF And thereupon we saw His works, and praised Him, and lauded before Him on account of all His works; for seven great works did He create on the first day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The angel uses 'we' — he is an eyewitness narrator. Seven works on day one mirrors the seven-day structure, embedding sabbatical numerology within each day.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)soteriological

God's desire that all men be saved — scope qualified

The KJV 'Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth' is used in debates about universal vs. particular atonement. The JST footnote revises this to introduce conditions or qualifications consistent with Restoration free-agency soteriology.

Jubilees 2:5

Ge'ez

On the second day he created the firmament in the midst of the waters, and the waters were divided on that day — half went up above and half went down below the firmament that was in the middle, over the face of the whole earth. This was the only work God created on the second day.

REF And on the second day He created the firmament in the midst of the waters, and the waters were divided on that day — half of them went up above and half of them went down below the firmament (that was) in the midst over the face of the whole earth. And this was the only work (God) created on the second day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Only one work on day two — and notably, God does not say 'it was good' on this day in Genesis 1. Jubilees preserves this tradition. The cosmic waters above the firmament remain a feature of ancient Near Eastern cosmology.
Jubilees 2:6

Ge'ez

On the third day he commanded the waters to withdraw from the face of the whole earth into one place, and for dry land to appear.

REF And on the third day He commanded the waters to pass from off the face of the whole earth into one place, and the dry land to appear.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Follows Genesis 1:9 closely. The waters obey a command — creation by divine speech.
Jubilees 2:7

Ge'ez

The waters did as he commanded — they withdrew from the face of the earth into one place outside of this firmament, and dry land appeared.

REF And the waters did so as He commanded them, and they retired from off the face of the earth into one place outside of this firmament, and the dry land appeared.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'Outside of this firmament' locates the gathered seas in relation to the cosmic structure, a detail absent from Genesis.
Jubilees 2:8

Ge'ez

On that day he created for them all the seas according to their separate gathering-places, and all the rivers, and the collections of water in the mountains and across all the earth, and all the lakes, and all the dew of the earth, and the seed that is sown, and all sprouting things, and fruit-bearing trees, and trees of the forest, and the Garden of Eden in Eden, and all plants according to their kind. These four great works God created on the third day.

REF And on that day He created for them all the seas according to their separate gathering-places, and all the rivers, and the gatherings of the waters in the mountains and on all the earth, and all the lakes, and all the dew of the earth, and the seed which is sown, and all sprouting things, and fruit-bearing trees, and trees of the wood, and the garden of Eden, in Eden, and all (plants after their kind). These four great works God created on the third day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Garden of Eden is created on day three with the vegetation — before humans exist to inhabit it. This detail places Eden within the structure of creation itself, not as an afterthought.
Jubilees 2:9

Ge'ez

On the fourth day he created the sun and the moon and the stars, and set them in the firmament of heaven to give light over all the earth, to rule over day and night, and to separate light from darkness.

REF And on the fourth day He created the sun and the moon and the stars, and set them in the firmament of the heaven, to give light upon all the earth, and to rule over the day and the night, and divide the light from the darkness.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The luminaries are given governance — they 'rule.' For Jubilees, this governance includes calendar regulation. The sun's authority over the calendar is the foundation for the 364-day solar reckoning.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)eschatological

'Great man' and 'mean man' humbling themselves in judgment reframed

The KJV reads 'And the mean man boweth down, and the great man humbleth himself: therefore forgive them not.' The JST revises this, particularly addressing who is being judged and what the appropriate response is, removing the seemingly harsh divine command not to forgive.

Jubilees 2:10

Ge'ez

God appointed the sun as a great sign on the earth for days and for Sabbaths and for months and for festivals and for years and for sabbatical years and for jubilees and for all the seasons of the years.

REF And God appointed the sun to be a great sign on the earth for days and for Sabbaths and for months and for feasts and for years and for Sabbaths of years and for jubilees and for all seasons of the years.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

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Translator Notes

  1. This is the calendar manifesto of Jubilees. The sun — not the moon — determines sacred time. Every unit of time from days to jubilee periods is solar-governed. This directly opposes the lunar calendar used by other Jewish groups and later by rabbinic Judaism.
Jubilees 2:11

Ge'ez

It separates light from darkness and provides for growth, so that all things that sprout and grow on the earth may prosper. These three kinds he made on the fourth day.

REF And it divideth the light from the darkness [and] for prosperity, that all things may prosper which shoot and grow on the earth. These three kinds He made on the fourth day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The sun has agricultural as well as calendrical function — it enables growth. Three works on day four: sun, moon, stars.
Jubilees 2:12

Ge'ez

On the fifth day he created the great sea creatures in the depths of the waters — these were the first things of flesh created by his hands — and the fish and everything that moves in the waters, and everything that flies, the birds and all their kinds.

REF And on the fifth day He created great sea monsters in the depths of the waters, for these were the first things of flesh that were created by His hands, the fish and everything that moves in the waters, and everything that flies, the birds and all their kind.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sea creatures as 'first things of flesh' is a significant detail: flesh begins in the waters. 'Created by his hands' personalizes divine action beyond mere speech.
Jubilees 2:13

Ge'ez

The sun rose over them to make them prosper, and over everything on the earth — everything that sprouts from the earth, all fruit-bearing trees, and all flesh. These three kinds he created on the fifth day.

REF And the sun rose above them to prosper (them), and above everything that was on the earth, everything that shoots out of the earth, and all fruit-bearing trees, and all flesh. These three kinds He created on the fifth day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Again the sun's nurturing role is emphasized — it is not merely a light source but an agent of divine provision.
Jubilees 2:14

Ge'ez

On the sixth day he created all the animals of the earth, and all cattle, and everything that moves on the earth.

REF And on the sixth day He created all the animals of the earth, and all cattle, and everything that moves on the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Follows Genesis 1:24-25 closely. Animals precede humans on day six.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)soteriological

Faith without works — rhetorical question about profitability revised

The JST footnote at the beginning of James's faith-and-works argument revises the rhetorical question 'what doth it profit, my brethren, though a man say he hath faith, and have not works? can faith save him?' to provide greater clarity about the kind of faith under discussion.

Jubilees 2:15

Ge'ez

After all this he created humankind — a man and a woman he created them — and gave him dominion over everything on the earth, in the seas, over everything that flies, over beasts and cattle and everything that moves on the earth, and over the whole earth. Over all this he gave him dominion. These four kinds he created on the sixth day.

REF And after all this He created man, a man and a woman created He them, and gave him dominion over all that is upon the earth, and in the seas, and over everything that flies, and over beasts, and over cattle, and over everything that moves upon the earth, and over the whole earth, and over all this He gave him dominion. And these four kinds He created on the sixth day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'A man and a woman created he them' at this point parallels Genesis 1:27. The detailed creation of Eve from Adam's rib comes in chapter 3, following the Genesis 2 account. Dominion is comprehensive — earth, sea, and sky.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)ethical

Illustration of naked and hungry person — practical charity example clarified

The JST footnote adjusts the practical illustration James uses to demonstrate faith without works, ensuring the moral logic is clear.

Jubilees 2:16

Ge'ez

There were twenty-two kinds in all. He finished all his work on the sixth day — everything in the heavens and on the earth, in the seas and in the deep, in the light and in the darkness, and in everything.

REF And there were altogether two and twenty kinds. And He finished all His work on the sixth day — all that is in the heavens and on the earth, and in the seas, and in the abysses, and in the light and in the darkness, and in everything.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Twenty-two kinds of created things corresponds to the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet — creation is structured like language itself. This numerological link between creation and Torah is characteristic of Jubilees' worldview.
Jubilees 2:17

Ge'ez

He gave us a great sign, the Sabbath day, so that we should work six days and keep Sabbath on the seventh day from all work.

REF And He gave us a great sign, the Sabbath day, that we should work six days, but keep Sabbath on the seventh day from all work.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The angel speaks of 'us' — the highest angels received the Sabbath commandment. This is Jubilees' distinctive claim: Sabbath is first an angelic institution, then given to Israel.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)soteriological

'Faith without works is dead' conclusion revised or reinforced

The JST footnote at this concluding statement of the faith-works section provides additional precision about the relationship between faith and works in Restoration soteriology.

Jubilees 2:18

Ge'ez

All the angels of the Presence and all the angels of sanctification — these two great orders — he commanded to keep the Sabbath with him in heaven and on earth.

REF And all the angels of the presence, and all the angels of sanctification, these two great classes — He hath bidden us to keep the Sabbath with Him in heaven and on earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Only the two highest angelic orders keep Sabbath. Lower angels (nature angels from v. 2) do not cease their work — weather and seasons continue. This solves the theological problem of Sabbath in a world that does not stop functioning.
Jubilees 2:19

Ge'ez

He said to us, 'I will set apart for myself a people from among all the peoples, and they will keep the Sabbath day. I will consecrate them to myself as my people, and I will bless them. Just as I sanctified the Sabbath day and consecrate it to myself, so I will bless them. They will be my people and I will be their God.

REF And He said unto us: 'Behold, I will separate unto Myself a people from among all the peoples, and these shall keep the Sabbath day, and I will sanctify them unto Myself as My people, and will bless them; as I have sanctified the Sabbath day and do sanctify (it) unto Myself, even so will I bless them, and they shall be My people and I will be their God.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Israel's Sabbath-keeping makes them analogous to the highest angels. The covenant formula ('my people / their God') is linked directly to Sabbath observance. Israel is chosen specifically to share in the angelic Sabbath.
Jubilees 2:20

Ge'ez

I have chosen the descendants of Jacob from among all that I have seen, and I have inscribed him as my firstborn son, and I have consecrated him to myself forever and ever. I will teach them the Sabbath day, so that they may keep Sabbath and rest from all work.'

REF I have chosen the seed of Jacob from amongst all that I have seen, and have written him down as My firstborn son, and have sanctified him unto Myself for ever and ever; and I will teach them the Sabbath day, that they may keep Sabbath thereon from all work.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Israel as 'firstborn son' echoes Exodus 4:22. 'Inscribed' (written down) connects to the heavenly tablets — Israel's chosenness is part of the cosmic record. The Sabbath must be taught, implying it is not intuitive but revealed knowledge.
Jubilees 2:21

Ge'ez

And so he created in it a sign by which they should keep Sabbath with us on the seventh day — to eat and drink and bless him who created all things, just as he blessed and consecrated for himself a special people above all peoples, and that they should keep Sabbath together with us.

REF And thus He created therein a sign in accordance with which they should keep Sabbath with us on the seventh day, to eat and to drink, and to bless Him who has created all things as He has blessed and sanctified unto Himself a peculiar people above all peoples, and that they should keep Sabbath together with us.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'Keep Sabbath with us' — Israel joins the angelic liturgy. Eating and drinking on Sabbath is specified as part of proper observance, countering ascetic practices. Celebration, not deprivation, marks the day.
Jubilees 2:22

Ge'ez

He caused his commands to ascend as a pleasing fragrance, acceptable before him through all the days.

REF And He caused His commands to ascend as a sweet savour acceptable before Him all the days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sabbath observance is described in sacrificial language — 'sweet savour' — linking rest to worship.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)moral

Jezebel's punishment — 'bed' of suffering revised or clarified

The JST footnote adjusts the letter to Thyatira's threat against Jezebel and those who commit adultery with her, providing clearer language about the judgment described.

Jubilees 2:23

Ge'ez

There were twenty-two heads of humanity from Adam to Jacob, and twenty-two kinds of work were made before the seventh day. The Sabbath is blessed and holy, and the patriarchal line is also blessed and holy; the one serves with the other for sanctification and blessing.

REF There (were) two and twenty heads of mankind from Adam to Jacob, and two and twenty kinds of work were made until the seventh day; this is blessed and holy; and the former also is blessed and holy; and this one serves with that one for sanctification and blessing.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The number twenty-two links the patriarchal genealogy (Adam to Jacob = 22 generations) to the twenty-two works of creation and the twenty-two Hebrew letters. This numerological harmony asserts that Israel's history is built into creation's structure.
Jubilees 2:24

Ge'ez

To Jacob and his descendants it was granted that they should always be the blessed and holy ones of the first testimony and the law, just as he sanctified and blessed the Sabbath day on the seventh day.

REF To this (Jacob-Israel) it was granted that they should always be the blessed and holy ones of the first testimony and law, even as He had sanctified and blessed the Sabbath day on the seventh day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Israel's holiness is parallel to the Sabbath's holiness — both are 'set apart' by the same divine act. 'First testimony and law' may refer to the primordial Torah written on heavenly tablets.
Jubilees 2:25

Ge'ez

He created heaven and earth and everything he created in six days, and God made the seventh day holy for all his works. Therefore he commanded concerning it that whoever does any work on it shall die — whoever profanes it shall certainly die.

REF He created heaven and earth and everything that He created in six days, and God made the seventh day holy, for all His works; therefore He commanded on its behalf that, whoever does any work thereon shall die; that he who defiles it shall surely die.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The death penalty for Sabbath violation (cf. Exodus 31:14-15) is presented as a creation ordinance, not merely Sinai legislation. The Sabbath's sanctity precedes and undergirds the Mosaic law.
Jubilees 2:26

Ge'ez

Command the children of Israel to observe this day, to keep it holy and to do no work on it, and not to profane it, for it is holier than all other days.

REF And do thou command the children of Israel to observe this day that they may keep it holy and not do thereon any work, and not to defile it, as it is holier than all other days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Sabbath's supremacy — 'holier than all other days' — makes it the pinnacle of the sacred calendar. Festival Sabbaths derive their sanctity from the weekly Sabbath, not the other way around.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)eschatological

Promise to the overcomer — power over nations revised

The JST footnote revises the promise of rule over nations given to the one who overcomes and keeps works to the end, clarifying the nature of the eschatological authority promised.

Jubilees 2:27

Ge'ez

Whoever profanes it shall certainly die, and whoever does any work on it shall die for eternity, so that the children of Israel may observe this day throughout their generations and not be uprooted from the land. For it is a holy day and a blessed day.

REF And whoever profaneth it shall surely die, and whoever doeth thereon any work shall surely die eternally, that the children of Israel may observe this day throughout their generations, and not be rooted out of the land; for it is a holy day and a blessed day.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'Die eternally' goes beyond physical death to eschatological judgment — a significant intensification of the Exodus penalty. Land possession is tied directly to Sabbath observance.

Joseph Smith Translation (Footnotes)legal

'The sabbath was made for man' saying clarified in scope

The JST footnote refines this important principle about the sabbath's purpose, possibly adding that it was made for man's benefit and not as a burden, or clarifying the relationship between the sabbath institution and human need.

Jubilees 2:28

Ge'ez

Everyone who observes it and keeps Sabbath from all work will be holy and blessed throughout all days, just like us.

REF And every one who observes it and keeps Sabbath thereon from all his work, will be holy and blessed throughout all days like unto us.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The angel states it plainly: Sabbath-keeping humans become 'like us' — they share angelic status. This is one of the most remarkable claims in Jubilees.
Jubilees 2:29

Ge'ez

Declare and say to the children of Israel the law of this day — that they should keep Sabbath and not abandon it in the error of their hearts. It is not permitted to do any improper work on it, nor to pursue their own desires. They shall not prepare on it anything to eat or drink, nor draw water, nor carry in or out through their gates any burden that they had not prepared for themselves on the sixth day in their dwellings.

REF Declare and say to the children of Israel the law of this day both that they should keep Sabbath thereon, and that they should not forsake it in the error of their hearts; (and) that it is not lawful to do any work thereon which is unseemly, to do thereon their own pleasure, and that they should not prepare thereon anything to be eaten or drunk, and (that it is not lawful) to draw water, or bring in or take out thereon through their gates any burden, which they had not prepared for themselves on the sixth day in their dwellings.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Detailed Sabbath halakhah: no food preparation, no water drawing, no carrying burdens through gates. These match the strict Sabbath rules found in the Damascus Document and other Qumran texts, and are stricter than later rabbinic norms in some respects.
Jubilees 2:30

Ge'ez

They shall not carry anything from house to house on that day, for that day is more holy and blessed than any jubilee day of the jubilees. On this day we kept Sabbath in the heavens before it was made known to any mortal to keep Sabbath on the earth.

REF And they shall not bring in nor take out from house to house on that day; for that day is more holy and blessed than any jubilee day of the jubilees; on this we kept Sabbath in the heavens before it was made known to any flesh to keep Sabbath thereon on the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Sabbath predates human knowledge of it — angels observed it before humanity was created. It is superior even to the jubilee year itself, the fiftieth year of release. Heavenly priority establishes earthly authority.
Jubilees 2:31

Ge'ez

The Creator of all things blessed it, but he did not sanctify all peoples and nations to keep Sabbath — only Israel. He permitted them alone to eat and drink and keep Sabbath on the earth.

REF And the Creator of all things blessed it, but He did not sanctify all peoples and nations to keep Sabbath thereon, but Israel alone: them alone He permitted to eat and drink and to keep Sabbath thereon on the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Sabbath is Israel's exclusive privilege, not a universal obligation. Other nations are not merely exempt — they are excluded. This particularism is central to Jubilees' theology of election.
Jubilees 2:32

Ge'ez

The Creator of all things blessed this day which he had created for blessing, sanctification, and glory above all days.

REF And the Creator of all things blessed this day which He had created for a blessing and a sanctification and a glory above all days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Three qualities of the Sabbath: blessing (empowerment), sanctification (set-apartness), and glory (divine radiance). It is the crown of the week.
Jubilees 2:33

Ge'ez

This law and testimony was given to the children of Israel as a law forever throughout their generations.

REF This law and testimony was given to the children of Israel as a law for ever unto their generations.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The chapter closes by reaffirming the eternal nature of Sabbath law. 'Law and testimony' echoes the book's opening (1:1), creating a frame: the Sabbath is the first content of the heavenly record.