Jubilees / Chapter 23

Jubilees 23

32 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic)

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Abraham dies at 175 years and is buried at Machpelah. A prophecy of Israel's future follows: lifespans shorten as sin increases, children rebel against parents, and the people divide into factions. A period of great tribulation comes — foreign invasion, persecution, and internal strife. But eventually the righteous remnant returns to God, studies the Torah, and lifespans begin to lengthen again toward a thousand years. An eschatological age of peace and joy dawns.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

Chapter 23 is Jubilees' most overtly apocalyptic section. The prophecy of declining lifespans (vv. 8-15) creates a theology of historical degeneration — each generation is weaker and shorter-lived than the last, mirroring moral decline. The turning point (vv. 26-31) is a return to Torah study, specifically to 'searching the commandments and returning to the path of righteousness.' This is a scholars' eschatology — the righteous remnant are those who study and obey. The lengthening of lifespans toward a thousand years reverses the decline and approaches the Edenic lifespan of Adam (930 years).

Translation Friction

The historical referents are debated — the 'sinful generation' and 'righteous children' may refer to the Maccabean crisis and the Qumran community respectively, but the text is deliberately vague enough to resist a single identification. The promise of near-millennial lifespans has not been fulfilled.

Connections

Genesis 25:7-10 (Abraham's death); Daniel 11-12 (apocalyptic tribulation and vindication); 1 Enoch 91-93 (Apocalypse of Weeks); Isaiah 65:20 (long lifespans in new creation); 2 Baruch 73 (eschatological renewal); Revelation 20-21 (new age of peace).

Jubilees 23:1

Ge'ez

He placed Jacob's two fingers on his eyes, blessed the God of gods, covered his face, stretched out his feet, and slept the eternal sleep. He was gathered to his fathers.

REF And he placed two fingers of Jacob on his eyes, and he blessed the God of gods, and he covered his face and stretched out his feet and slept the sleep of eternity, and was gathered to his fathers.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Abraham's final act: Jacob closes his grandfather's eyes — a sign of filial devotion. 'God of gods' is Abraham's last utterance. 'Slept the eternal sleep' is a euphemism for death, but 'gathered to his fathers' implies continuity beyond death.
Jubilees 23:2

Ge'ez

Through all this, Jacob was lying on his chest and did not know that his grandfather Abraham had died.

REF And notwithstanding all this Jacob was lying in his bosom, and knew not that Abraham, his father's father, was dead.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Jacob sleeps through Abraham's death — the passing is so peaceful that the boy does not stir. Death comes as gently as sleep.
Jubilees 23:3

Ge'ez

Jacob awoke from his sleep and found Abraham cold as ice. He said, 'Father, father!' but no one answered, and he knew that he was dead.

REF And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and behold, Abraham was cold as ice, and he said 'Father, father'; but there was none that spoke, and he knew that he was dead.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The boy's discovery is heartrending: calling 'Father, father!' to a body that cannot respond. The silence confirms death.
Jubilees 23:4

Ge'ez

He leaped from Abraham's chest and ran to tell his mother Rebekah. Rebekah went to Isaac that night and told him. They went together — Isaac and Rebekah, with Jacob carrying a lamp — and when they entered, they found Abraham lying dead.

REF And he arose from his bosom and ran and told Rebekah, his mother; and Rebekah went to Isaac in the night, and told him; and they went together, and Jacob with them, and a lamp was in his hand, and when they had gone in they found Abraham lying dead.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Jacob carries the lamp — a child guiding the adults to death by lamplight. The scene is domestic, intimate, and deeply human.
Jubilees 23:5

Ge'ez

Isaac fell on his father's face, wept, and kissed him.

REF And Isaac fell on the face of his father and wept and kissed him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Isaac's grief is physical and immediate — falling on his dead father's face, weeping and kissing. The patriarch mourns like any bereaved son.
Jubilees 23:6

Ge'ez

The voices of mourning were heard in Abraham's house. His son Ishmael arose and went to his father Abraham and wept over him — he and all Abraham's household — and they wept bitterly.

REF And the voices were heard in the house of Abraham, and Ishmael his son arose, and went to Abraham his father, and wept over Abraham his father, he and all the house of Abraham, and they wept with a great weeping.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Ishmael mourns alongside Isaac — the estranged brother returns for his father's death. Whatever tensions existed, both sons honor their father together.
Jubilees 23:7

Ge'ez

His sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the double cave near his wife Sarah. They mourned him forty days — all the men of his household, Isaac and Ishmael and all their sons, and all the sons of Keturah in their places. Then the days of mourning for Abraham were over.

REF And his sons Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the double cave, near Sarah his wife, and they wept for him forty days, all the men of his house, and Isaac and Ishmael, and all their sons, and all the sons of Keturah in their places; and the days of weeping for Abraham were ended.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 25:9. Both sons cooperate in the burial — unity in grief. Forty days of mourning (the standard period, cf. Genesis 50:3 for Jacob). The 'double cave' is Machpelah at Hebron.
Jubilees 23:8

Ge'ez

He lived three jubilees and four weeks of years — one hundred and seventy-five years — and completed the days of his life, old and full of days.

REF And he lived three jubilees and four weeks of years, one hundred and seventy-five years, and completed the days of his life, being old and full of days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis 25:7-8. The jubilee calculation: 3 × 49 = 147 + 4 × 7 = 28 = 175. Abraham's life is measured by the sacred chronological system.
Jubilees 23:9

Ge'ez

The forefathers' lifespans had been nineteen jubilees. After the Flood they began to decrease below nineteen jubilees, shrinking in jubilees, growing old quickly, and becoming full of their days because of abundant trouble and the wickedness of their ways — with the exception of Abraham.

REF For the days of the forefathers, of their life, were nineteen jubilees; and after the Flood they began to grow less than nineteen jubilees, and to decrease in jubilees, and to grow old quickly, and to be full of their days by reason of manifold tribulation and the wickedness of their ways, with the exception of Abraham.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Nineteen jubilees = 931 years (close to Adam's 930). Post-Flood lifespans decline steadily — a theology of degeneration. Abraham is the exception: his long life is a sign of exceptional righteousness.
Jubilees 23:10

Ge'ez

For Abraham was perfect in all his deeds with the LORD and well-pleasing in righteousness all the days of his life. Yet even he did not complete four jubilees in his life — he had grown old because of the wickedness of the age, and was full of his days.

REF For Abraham was perfect in all his deeds with the Lord, and well-pleasing in righteousness all the days of his life; and behold, he did not complete four jubilees in his life, when he had grown old by reason of the wickedness, and was full of his days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Even Abraham, the most righteous, falls short of four jubilees (196 years). The general corruption of the world shortens even the righteous person's life.
Jubilees 23:11

Ge'ez

All the generations that arise from this time until the day of the great judgment will grow old quickly, before they complete two jubilees. Their knowledge will abandon them because of their old age, and all their understanding will vanish.

REF And all the generations which will arise from this time until the day of the great judgment will grow old quickly, before they complete two jubilees, and their knowledge will forsake them by reason of their old age, [and all their knowledge will vanish away].

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Two jubilees = 98 years — lifespans drop below a century. Knowledge itself decays: aging brings not wisdom but senility. The decline is intellectual as well as physical.
Jubilees 23:12

Ge'ez

In those days, if someone lives a jubilee and a half of years, people will say, 'He has lived a long time.' But the greater part of his days will be pain, sorrow, and affliction, with no peace.

REF And in those days, if a man live a jubilee and a half of years, they will say regarding him: 'He has lived long,' and the greater part of his days are pain and sorrow and tribulation, and there is no peace.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A jubilee and a half = 73.5 years — remarkably close to modern average lifespans. Jubilees views this as a sign of degradation, not achievement. The quality of life declines along with its length.
Jubilees 23:13

Ge'ez

Calamity follows calamity, wound upon wound, affliction upon affliction, bad news upon bad news, illness upon illness, and every evil judgment like these piled upon one another — disease, devastation, snow, frost, ice, fever, chills, numbness, famine, death, sword, captivity, and every kind of disaster and pain.

REF For calamity follows on calamity, and wound on wound, and tribulation on tribulation, and evil tidings on evil tidings, and illness on illness, and all evil judgments such as these, one with another, illness and overthrow, and snow and frost and ice, and fever, and chills, and torpor, and famine, and death, and sword, and captivity, and all kinds of calamities and pains.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A catalog of misery that reads like an apocalyptic litany. The cumulative effect is overwhelming — life in the fallen world is saturated with suffering.
Jubilees 23:14

Ge'ez

All these things will come upon an evil generation that transgresses on the earth. Their deeds are impurity, sexual immorality, pollution, and abominations.

REF And all these shall come on an evil generation, which transgresseth on the earth: their works are uncleanness and fornication, and pollution and abominations.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The calamities are not random but judicial — they fall on a specific evil generation. The cause is moral corruption.
Jubilees 23:15

Ge'ez

Then they will say, 'Our forefathers lived many days — even to a thousand years — and their days were good. But our lifespan, if someone lives long, is seventy years, or eighty if he is strong, and those years are evil. There is no peace in the days of this wicked generation.'

REF Then they will say: 'The days of the forefathers were many (even), unto a thousand years, and were good; but behold, the days of our life, if a man has lived many, are three score years and ten, and, if he is strong, four score years, and those evil, and there is no peace in the days of this evil generation.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Psalm 90:10 is quoted almost verbatim — 'seventy years, or eighty if strong.' The people recognize their diminished state and compare it to the patriarchal era. The contrast between 'a thousand years' and 'seventy years' measures humanity's fall.
Jubilees 23:16

Ge'ez

In that generation, children will accuse their fathers and elders of sin and unrighteousness — of their words and the great evils they commit — and of forsaking the covenant the LORD made between himself and them, requiring them to observe and do all his commandments, ordinances, and laws without turning right or left.

REF And in that generation the sons will convict their fathers and their elders of sin and unrighteousness, and of the words of their mouth and the great wickednesses which they perpetrate, and concerning their forsaking the covenant which the Lord made between them and Him, that they should observe and do all His commandments and His ordinances and all His laws, without departing either to the right hand or the left.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Generational conflict: children rebuke parents for abandoning the covenant. This may reflect the Maccabean period when young zealots condemned their compromising elders.
Jubilees 23:17

Ge'ez

For all have done evil, every mouth speaks wickedness, and all their deeds are impurity and abomination. All their ways are pollution, uncleanness, and destruction.

REF For all have done evil, and every mouth speaketh iniquity and all their works are an uncleanness and an abomination, and all their ways are pollution, uncleanness and destruction.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Universal corruption — reminiscent of Romans 3:10-18 ('there is none righteous') and the pre-Flood world. The cycle of degeneration repeats.
Jubilees 23:18

Ge'ez

The earth will be destroyed because of all their deeds. There will be no seed of the vine and no oil, for their works are entirely faithless. They will all perish together — beasts, cattle, birds, and all the fish of the sea — because of humanity.

REF Behold the earth shall be destroyed on account of all their works, and there shall be no seed of the vine, and no oil; for their works are altogether faithless, and they shall all perish together, beasts and cattle and birds, and all the fish of the sea, on account of the children of men.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A second Flood-scale judgment is implied — creation itself suffers because of human sin. Even wine and oil (symbols of joy and abundance) fail.
Jubilees 23:19

Ge'ez

They will struggle against one another — young against old, old against young, poor against rich, lowly against great, beggar against prince — on account of the law and the covenant, for they have forgotten commandment and covenant, feasts and months, Sabbaths and jubilees, and all judgments.

REF And they shall strive one with another, the young with the old, and the old with the young, the poor with the rich, the lowly with the great, and the beggar with the prince, on account of the law and the covenant; for they have forgotten commandment, and covenant, and feasts, and months, and Sabbaths, and jubilees, and all judgments.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Total social breakdown: every social relationship is ruptured. The conflict is specifically about law and covenant — this is a religious civil war, possibly reflecting the tensions between Hellenizers and traditionalists.
Jubilees 23:20

Ge'ez

They will take up swords and wage war to force them back to the right way, but they will not return until much blood has been shed on the earth, one killing another.

REF And they shall stand (with bows and) swords and war to turn them back into the way, but they shall not return until much blood has been shed on the earth, one by another.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Armed conflict over religious observance — holy war within the community. This resonates with the Maccabean revolt (167-160 BCE) when Jews fought other Jews over Torah observance.
Jubilees 23:21

Ge'ez

Those who escape will not return from their wickedness to the path of righteousness. Instead, they will all exalt themselves through deceit and wealth, each taking what belongs to his neighbor. They will invoke the great name, but not in truth or righteousness, and they will defile the holy of holies with their impurity and the corruption of their pollution.

REF And those who have escaped shall not return from their wickedness to the way of righteousness, but they shall all exalt themselves to deceit and wealth, that they may each take all that is his neighbour's, and they shall name the great name, but not in truth and not in righteousness, and they shall defile the holy of holies with their uncleanness and the corruption of their pollution.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Even survivors do not repent. They misuse God's name ('invoke the great name, not in truth') — religious hypocrisy overlays moral corruption. The Temple itself is defiled — possibly referring to the Hellenistic desecration.
Jubilees 23:22

Ge'ez

A great punishment will fall on the deeds of this generation from the LORD. He will hand them over to the sword, to judgment, to captivity, and to plundering and destruction.

REF And a great punishment shall befall the deeds of this generation from the Lord, and He will give them over to the sword and to judgment and to captivity, and to be plundered and devoured.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Divine judgment through foreign conquest — exile and plunder as punishment for covenant violation. This is the Deuteronomic pattern (Deuteronomy 28:49-57).
Jubilees 23:23

Ge'ez

He will raise up against them the sinners of the nations, who have neither mercy nor compassion and who respect no one — neither old nor young, nor anyone — for they are more wicked and powerful in evil than all other people.

REF And He will wake up against them the sinners of the Gentiles, who have neither mercy nor compassion, and who shall respect the person of none, neither old nor young, nor any one, for they are more wicked and strong to do evil than all the children of men.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The foreign invaders are worse than the sinful Israelites — chosen specifically for their cruelty. This may refer to the Seleucid forces under Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
Jubilees 23:24

Ge'ez

They will use violence against Israel and commit atrocities against Jacob. Much blood will be shed on the earth, and there will be no one to gather the dead or bury them.

REF And they shall use violence against Israel and transgression against Jacob, And much blood shall be shed upon the earth, And there shall be none to gather and none to bury.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Unburied dead — the ultimate degradation in the ancient world (cf. Psalm 79:2-3). The violence is so severe that normal mourning practices collapse.
Jubilees 23:25

Ge'ez

In those days they will cry out, call, and pray to be saved from the hand of the sinful nations. But no one will be saved.

REF In those days they shall cry aloud, And call and pray that they may be saved from the hand of the sinful Gentiles; But none shall be saved.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A period when even prayer seems unanswered — the darkest point of the tribulation. God has withdrawn his protection.
Jubilees 23:26

Ge'ez

Children's heads will turn white with gray hair. A child of three weeks of years will look as old as a centenarian. Their bodies will be wasted by tribulation and oppression.

REF And the heads of the children shall be white with grey hair, And a child of three weeks shall appear old like a man of one hundred years, And their stature shall be destroyed by tribulation and oppression.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Premature aging — children look elderly at twenty-one (three weeks of years). The physical degeneration mirrors the moral decline. Suffering ages them beyond recognition.
Jubilees 23:27

Ge'ez

In those days, children will begin to study the laws, seek out the commandments, and return to the path of righteousness.

REF And in those days the children shall begin to study the laws, And to seek the commandments, And to return to the path of righteousness.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. THE TURNING POINT. After the nadir of suffering, a new generation turns to Torah study. The restoration begins not with military victory but with scholarship — 'studying the laws' and 'seeking the commandments.' This is the Qumran community's self-understanding: they are the righteous students who initiate the reversal.
Jubilees 23:28

Ge'ez

The days of their lives will begin to grow many and increase among humanity, until their lifespans approach one thousand years — and to a greater number of years than the days were before.

REF And the days shall begin to grow many and increase amongst those children of men, Till their days draw nigh to one thousand years, And to a greater number of years than (before) was the number of the days.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The lifespan reversal begins: from seventy years back toward a thousand. This is Jubilees' vision of eschatological renewal — history's degeneration is reversed as Torah faithfulness increases. A thousand years approaches Adam's original lifespan.
Jubilees 23:29

Ge'ez

There will be no old person unsatisfied with their days, for all will be like children and youths.

REF And there shall be no old man nor one who is not satisfied with his days, For all shall be (as) children and youths.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Aging without weariness — everyone lives with youthful vigor. This reverses the curse of v. 12 ('the greater part of his days are pain'). Compare Isaiah 65:20.
Jubilees 23:30

Ge'ez

All their days they will complete and live in peace and joy. There will be no Satan and no evil destroyer, for all their days will be days of blessing and healing.

REF And all their days they shall complete and live in peace and in joy, And there shall be no Satan nor any evil destroyer; For all their days shall be days of blessing and healing.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'No Satan' — Mastema is finally removed. The adversary who tested Abraham, retained his demons (ch. 10), and instigated the Aqedah (ch. 17) is eliminated in the eschaton. 'Days of blessing and healing' — the opposite of the curse catalog in v. 13.
Jubilees 23:31

Ge'ez

At that time the LORD will heal his servants. They will rise up and see great peace, and drive out their adversaries. The righteous will see and give thanks and rejoice with joy forever and ever. They will see all the judgments and curses fall on their enemies.

REF And at that time the Lord will heal His servants, And they shall rise up and see great peace, And drive out their adversaries. And the righteous shall see and be thankful, And rejoice with joy for ever and ever, And shall see all their judgments and all their curses on their enemies.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The righteous are healed, raised up, and vindicated. Their enemies receive the judgments that were intended for the covenant-breakers. 'Rise up' may hint at resurrection, though Jubilees is not explicit about this.
Jubilees 23:32

Ge'ez

Their bones will rest in the earth, and their spirits will have great joy. They will know that it is the LORD who executes judgment and shows mercy to hundreds and thousands, and to all who love him.

REF And their bones shall rest in the earth, And their spirits shall have much joy, And they shall know that it is the Lord who executeth judgment, And showeth mercy to hundreds and thousands and to all that love Him.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A two-part afterlife: bones rest in the earth while spirits rejoice. This is not full bodily resurrection but spiritual vindication — the righteous dead participate in the eschatological joy. 'All who love him' — Abraham's title ('lover of the LORD') becomes the mark of all the redeemed. The chapter ends on this note of cosmic resolution: judgment for the wicked, mercy for those who love God.