Jubilees / Chapter 30

Jubilees 30

23 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic)

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Dinah, Jacob's daughter, is violated by Shechem the Hivite prince. Shechem desires to marry her, and Hamor his father negotiates with Jacob. Jacob's sons demand circumcision of all Shechemite males. Simeon and Levi attack the city on the third day after circumcision, killing every male. Unlike Genesis 34, where Jacob condemns this violence, Jubilees PRAISES Simeon and Levi — their act is presented as righteous zeal. The chapter concludes with an absolute prohibition on intermarriage, decreed on the heavenly tablets and punishable by death.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

This is one of the most theologically significant chapters in Jubilees. The author completely reverses the moral judgment of Genesis 34 and Genesis 49:5-7 (where Jacob curses Simeon and Levi's violence). Here, Levi's zeal for endogamy is the very qualification for the priesthood. The intermarriage prohibition is presented as eternal cosmic law, written on the heavenly tablets before creation.

Translation Friction

The direct contradiction with Genesis 49:5-7 — where Jacob on his deathbed condemns Simeon and Levi as violent men whose weapons are instruments of cruelty — represents one of Jubilees' boldest reinterpretations of the Torah. The death penalty for intermarriage goes far beyond Pentateuchal legislation and reflects the extreme separatist ideology of Second Temple period sectarians.

Connections

Genesis 34:1-31 (Dinah and Shechem); Genesis 49:5-7 (Jacob curses Simeon and Levi — directly contradicted here); Numbers 25:6-13 (Phinehas's zeal — the model for Levi's praise); Ezra 9-10 (post-exilic intermarriage crisis); Nehemiah 13:23-27 (intermarriage prohibition).

Jubilees 30:1

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

In the first year of the fifth week of the forty-fifth jubilee, Jacob moved south to the Tower of Eder and went to his father Isaac. Now Dinah, daughter of Jacob, went out to see the women of the city.

REF And in the first year of the fifth week of the forty-fifth jubilee Jacob moved to the south of the tower of Eder, and he went to his father Isaac. And Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, went forth to see the daughters of the city.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Tower of Eder (Migdal Eder) is mentioned in Genesis 35:21 and Micah 4:8.
Jubilees 30:2

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Shechem son of Hamor the Hivite, the ruler of the land, saw her. He seized her, lay with her, and violated her.

REF And Shechem, the son of Hamor, the Hivite, the prince of the land, saw her, and he took her and lay with her and defiled her.

Jubilees 30:3

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

He became deeply attached to Dinah, and his soul clung to her. He asked Jacob for her hand in marriage.

REF And he loved Dinah, and his soul clave to her, and he sought her at the hand of Jacob.

Jubilees 30:4

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

But Jacob's sons spoke to Shechem and his father Hamor with cunning, because Shechem had defiled their sister Dinah.

REF And the sons of Jacob spoke to Shechem and to Hamor his father deceitfully, because they had defiled Dinah their sister.

Jubilees 30:5

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Simeon and Levi came upon Shechem by surprise and executed judgment on all the men of the city. They killed every man they found and left no one alive. They slaughtered them all in retribution, because they had dishonored their sister Dinah.

REF And Simeon and Levi came unexpectedly to Shechem and executed judgement on all the men of Shechem, and slew all the men whom they found in it, and left not a single one remaining in it: they slew all in torments because they had dishonoured their sister Dinah.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Jubilees uses the language of judicial 'judgment' (din) rather than revenge — framing the massacre as a righteous legal proceeding.
Jubilees 30:6

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Let nothing like this ever happen again — that a daughter of Israel should be violated. For judgment was decreed in heaven against the men of Shechem: that they should all be destroyed by the sword, because they had committed a shameful act in Israel.

REF And thus let it not again be done from henceforth that a daughter of Israel be defiled; for judgment is ordained in heaven against them that they should destroy with the sword all the men of Shechem because they had wrought shame in Israel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase 'shameful act in Israel' (nebalah be-Yisrael) is a technical legal formula for sexual violation found in Deuteronomy 22:21 and Judges 20:6.
Jubilees 30:7

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

The Lord delivered them into the hands of Jacob's sons so they could cut them down with the sword and carry out judgment on them, so that no virgin of Israel would ever again be defiled.

REF And the Lord delivered them into the hands of the sons of Jacob that they might exterminate them with the sword and execute judgement upon them, and that it might not thus again be done in Israel that a virgin of Israel should be defiled.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This verse explicitly attributes the massacre to divine authorization — 'the Lord delivered them.'
Jubilees 30:8

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

If any man in Israel gives his daughter or his sister to a man of Gentile descent, he must be put to death. They shall stone him with stones, for he has committed a disgrace in Israel. The woman shall be burned with fire, because she has defiled the name of her father's house. She shall be cut off from Israel.

REF And if there is any man who wishes in Israel to give his daughter or his sister to any man who is of the seed of the Gentiles he shall surely die, and they shall stone him with stones; for he hath wrought shame in Israel; and they shall burn the woman with fire, because she has dishonoured the name of the house of her father, and she shall be rooted out of Israel.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

Jubilees elevates the ban on intermarriage to a capital offense — far exceeding Deuteronomy 7:3 and reflecting Second Temple sectarian ideology

Translator Notes

  1. This verse imposes the death penalty for intermarriage — a severity that exceeds all Pentateuchal legislation.
Jubilees 30:9

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Let no sexual impurity or uncleanness be found in Israel throughout all the generations of the earth. For Israel is holy to the Lord, and every person who defiles it must be put to death — they shall be stoned.

REF And let no adulterer and no uncleanness be found in Israel throughout all the days of the generations of the earth; for Israel is holy unto the Lord, and every man who has defiled it shall surely die: they shall stone him with stones.

Jubilees 30:10

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For so it is ordained and written on the heavenly tablets concerning all the offspring of Israel: whoever defiles Israel must die — he shall be stoned.

REF For thus is it ordained and written in the heavenly tablets regarding all the seed of Israel: he who defileth it shall surely die, and he shall be stoned with stones.

Jubilees 30:11

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For this law there is no time limit, no reprieve, and no atonement. The man who gives his daughter to a foreigner must be rooted out from Israel, because he has given his offspring to Molech and acted wickedly to defile the holy people.

REF And to this law there is no limit of days, and no remission, nor any atonement: but the man who has defiled his daughter shall be rooted out in the midst of all Israel, because he has given of his seed to Molech, and wrought impiously so as to defile it.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

The Ammonite deity associated with child sacrifice. Jubilees equates intermarriage with Molech worship

Translator Notes

  1. The reference to Molech worship (Leviticus 18:21; 20:2-5) equates intermarriage with the most abominable form of idolatry.
Jubilees 30:12

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

And you, Moses, command the children of Israel and warn them: do not give your daughters to Gentiles, and do not take any daughters of the Gentiles for your sons. This is detestable before the Lord.

REF And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israel and exhort them not to give their daughters to the Gentiles, and not to take for their sons any of the daughters of the Gentiles, for this is abominable before the Lord.

Jubilees 30:13

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For this reason I have recorded for you in the words of the Torah all the deeds of the Shechemites — what they did to Dinah, and how Jacob's sons declared: We will not give our daughter to an uncircumcised man, for that would be a disgrace to us.

REF For this reason I have written for thee in the words of the Law all the deeds of the Shechemites, which they wrought against Dinah, and how the sons of Jacob spake, saying: 'We will not give our daughter to a man who is uncircumcised; for that were a reproach unto us.'

Jubilees 30:14

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

It is a disgrace to Israel — both to those who give and those who take daughters of the Gentiles — for this is impure and abominable to Israel.

REF And it is a reproach to Israel, to those who give, and to those who take the daughters of the Gentiles; for this is unclean and abominable to Israel.

Jubilees 30:15

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Israel will never be free from this defilement as long as it takes wives from among the Gentiles or gives any of its daughters to a man of any foreign nation.

REF And Israel will not be free from this uncleanness if it has a wife of the daughters of the Gentiles, or has given any of its daughters to a man who is of any of the Gentiles.

Jubilees 30:16

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For there will be plague upon plague, curse upon curse — every judgment and affliction will come upon anyone who does this, or who turns a blind eye to those who commit impurity, who defile the Lord's sanctuary, or who profane his holy name. Then the entire nation will be judged for all the defilement and desecration of that one person.

REF For there will be plague upon plague, and curse upon curse, and every judgment and plague and curse will come upon him: if he do this thing, or hide his eyes from those who commit uncleanness, or those who defile the sanctuary of the Lord, or those who profane His holy name, then will the whole nation together be judged for all the uncleanness and profanation of this man.

Jubilees 30:17

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

There will be no favoritism and no leniency — no acceptance of his fruits, offerings, burnt offerings, or fat, nor the fragrance of pleasing aroma. So it will be for every man or woman in Israel who defiles the sanctuary.

REF And there will be no respect of persons and no consideration of persons, and no receiving at his hands of fruits and offerings and burnt-offerings and fat, nor the fragrance of sweet savour, so as to accept it: and so fare every man or woman in Israel who defiles the sanctuary.

Jubilees 30:18

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For this reason I have commanded you, saying: Bear this testimony to Israel. See what happened to the Shechemites and their sons — how they were delivered into the hands of two sons of Jacob, who struck them down in judgment. And it was credited to them as righteousness. It is recorded as righteousness in their favor.

REF For this reason I have commanded thee, saying: 'Testify this testimony to Israel: see how the Shechemites fared and their sons: how they were delivered into the hands of two sons of Jacob, and they slew them under tortures, and it was reckoned to them for righteousness, and it is written down to them for righteousness.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'Credited as righteousness' — the same phrase used of Abraham's faith in Genesis 15:6. Jubilees applies this supreme commendation to Simeon and Levi's violent act.
Jubilees 30:19

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

The offspring of Levi were chosen for the priesthood and to serve as Levites, that they might minister before the Lord continually, as we angels do. Levi and his sons are blessed forever, because he was zealous to carry out righteousness, judgment, and vengeance against all who rose up against Israel.

REF And the seed of Levi was chosen for the priesthood, and to be Levites, that they might minister before the Lord, as we do, continually, and that Levi and his sons may be blessed for ever; for he was zealous to execute righteousness and judgment and vengeance on all those who arose against Israel.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

Ge'ez: qan'a — the term for righteous zeal, connecting Levi to the Phinehas tradition (Numbers 25:11)

Translator Notes

  1. This verse is the theological climax: Levi's violence at Shechem is the very basis for his priestly election. This mirrors Numbers 25:11-13, where Phinehas's zealous killing earns an eternal priesthood.
Jubilees 30:20

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

So they inscribed as testimony in his favor on the heavenly tablets: blessing and righteousness before the God of all.

REF And so they inscribe as a testimony in his favour on the heavenly tablets blessing and righteousness before the God of all:

Jubilees 30:21

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

We remember the righteousness that this man carried out during his lifetime. Throughout all seasons of the year, for a thousand generations they will record it. It will come to him and to his descendants after him. He has been inscribed on the heavenly tablets as a friend of God and a righteous man.

REF And we remember the righteousness which the man fulfilled during his life, at all periods of the year; until a thousand generations they will record it, and it will come to him and to his descendants after him, and he has been recorded on the heavenly tablets as a friend and a righteous man.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Being written as 'a friend of God' echoes the title given to Abraham in Isaiah 41:8 and James 2:23.
Jubilees 30:22

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

All of this account I have written for you, and I have commanded you to tell the children of Israel: do not sin, do not transgress the ordinances, and do not break the covenant ordained for them. Let them keep it and be recorded as friends of God.

REF All this account I have written for thee, and have commanded thee to say to the children of Israel, that they should not commit sin nor transgress the ordinances nor break the covenant which has been ordained for them, but that they should fulfil it and be recorded as friends.

Jubilees 30:23

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

But if they transgress and practice every form of impurity, they will be recorded on the heavenly tablets as enemies. They will be erased from the book of life and inscribed in the book of those marked for destruction — those who will be uprooted from the earth.

REF But if they transgress it and work uncleanness in every way, they will be recorded on the heavenly tablets as adversaries, and they will be destroyed out of the book of life, and they will be recorded in the book of those who will be destroyed and with those who will be rooted out of the earth.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

The heavenly register of the righteous. Erasure from this book means eschatological destruction

Translator Notes

  1. The 'book of life' versus the 'book of destruction' — a dualistic bookkeeping system found in Daniel 12:1, Psalm 69:28, and Revelation 3:5.