Jubilees / Chapter 31

Jubilees 31

32 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic)

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Jacob returns to his father Isaac at Hebron. Rebekah rejoices at seeing Jacob and delivers an extended blessing over her grandsons. She blesses Levi and Judah with particular emphasis — Levi for priesthood and Judah for kingship. Isaac also blesses the grandsons. Rebekah delivers a farewell testament, warning against Esau. She dies and is buried in the cave of Machpelah.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

Rebekah's blessings over Levi and Judah are unique to Jubilees and have no parallel in Genesis. Her dual blessing establishes the Two-Messiah theology that appears at Qumran — a priestly messiah from Levi and a royal messiah from Judah.

Translation Friction

Genesis records nothing of Rebekah's death or burial — her disappearance from the narrative is one of the great silences of the Torah. Jubilees fills this gap with an elaborate death scene.

Connections

Genesis 35:27-29 (Jacob returns to Isaac); Genesis 49 (Jacob's blessings — Jubilees gives Rebekah a parallel role); Testament of Levi (Qumran); 1QSa (Two-Messiah expectation).

Jubilees 31:1

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

In the first year of the sixth week, Jacob went up to Salem, east of Shechem, in peace, in the fourth month.

REF And in the first year of the sixth week Jacob went up to Salem, to the east of Shechem, in peace, in the fourth month.

Jubilees 31:2

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

There Dinah, daughter of Jacob, had been taken to the house of Shechem son of Hamor.

REF And there they carried off Dinah, the daughter of Jacob, to the house of Shechem, the son of Hamor.

Jubilees 31:3

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Jacob came to his father Isaac at Hebron. His sons Reuben and Simeon accompanied him.

REF And Jacob came to Isaac his father, to Hebron, and his sons Reuben and Simeon came with him.

Jubilees 31:4

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Levi and Judah also came. Jacob told his father everything — how the Lord had shown him favor and had prospered all his endeavors.

REF And Levi and Judah came also, and Jacob told his father everything — how the Lord had been gracious to him, and how he had prospered in all his ways.

Jubilees 31:5

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Isaac rejoiced greatly when he heard that Jacob had returned safely.

REF And Isaac rejoiced greatly because he had heard that Jacob had returned in peace.

Jubilees 31:6

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Rebekah came out from the tower to meet Jacob, to kiss him and embrace him.

REF And Rebecca went forth from the tower to meet Jacob and to kiss him, and she embraced him.

Jubilees 31:7

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She blessed him and said: Blessed are you, my son, in the presence of the Most High God! And blessed be the Lord who made the heavens and the earth, who created you and who delivered you from every evil.

REF And she blessed him and said: 'Blessed be thou, my son, in the presence of the Most High God; and blessed be the Lord who made the heavens and the earth, who created thee, and who redeemed thee from all evil.'

Jubilees 31:8

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She kissed him. When Rebekah saw Jacob's sons, she blessed them and said: May the Lord be gracious to you, children — offspring of a righteous man.

REF And she kissed him. And Rebekah saw Jacob's sons, and she blessed them and said: 'May the Lord be gracious to you, children, the seed of the righteous man.'

Jubilees 31:9

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Rebekah went in to Leah and blessed her. She said to Jacob: Do you want me to bless your sons? Jacob said: Bless them, mother.

REF And Rebekah went in to Leah, and she blessed her, and she said to Jacob: 'Is it thy will that I bless these thy children?' And Jacob said: 'Bless them, my mother.'

Jubilees 31:10

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She placed her hands on the head of Levi first, and on the head of Judah second. She blessed them, saying:

REF And she placed her hands upon the head of Levi first, and upon the head of Judah second. And she blessed them and said:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The order — Levi first, then Judah — establishes priestly primacy over royal authority.
Jubilees 31:11

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

May the God of all, the Lord of all ages, bless you and your children throughout all generations.

REF 'May the God of all, the very Lord of all the ages, bless thee and thy children throughout all the ages.

Jubilees 31:12

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

May the Lord give you and your offspring greatness and great glory. May he draw you and your descendants, from among all humanity, near to himself — to serve in his sanctuary like the angels of the presence and like the holy ones.

REF May the Lord give to thee and to thy seed greatness and great glory, and cause thee and thy seed, from among all flesh, to approach Him to serve in His sanctuary as the angels of the presence and as the holy ones.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

""

The highest angelic order in Jubilees, who stand in God's immediate presence. The Levitical priests are their earthly counterparts

Translator Notes

  1. Levi's descendants are compared to the angels of the presence — the highest order of angels in Jubilees' cosmology.
Jubilees 31:13

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

As the angels are, so may your sons' descendants be — in glory, greatness, and holiness. May he make them great throughout all ages.

REF As they, so shall the seed of thy sons be for glory and greatness and holiness, and may He make them great unto all the ages.

Jubilees 31:14

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

They shall be judges, leaders, and chiefs over all the descendants of Jacob. They shall speak the word of the Lord in righteousness and render all his judgments justly.

REF And they shall be judges and princes and chiefs of all the seed of the sons of Jacob; they shall speak the word of the Lord in righteousness, and they shall judge all His judgments in righteousness.

Jubilees 31:15

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Your mother rightly named you Levi. Rightly has she named you — you shall be joined to the Lord and be the companion of all Jacob's sons.

REF Thy mother hath rightly named thee Levi, and rightly has she named thee; thou shalt be joined to the Lord and be the companion of all the sons of Jacob.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The name 'Levi' is connected to lawah ('to be joined/attached').
Jubilees 31:16

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Let all who hate you fall before you, and let all your enemies be uprooted and destroyed. Blessed be the one who blesses you, and cursed be every nation that curses you.

REF And let all who hate thee fall down before thee, and let all thine adversaries be rooted out and perish; and blessed be he that blesseth thee, and cursed be every nation that curseth thee.'

Jubilees 31:17

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

To Judah she said: May the Lord give you strength and power to trample all who hate you. You shall be a prince — you and one of your sons — over the sons of Jacob.

REF And to Judah she said: 'May the Lord give thee strength and power to tread down all that hate thee; a prince shalt thou be, thou and one of thy sons, over the sons of Jacob.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'One of your sons' is a veiled messianic reference — the king who will arise from Judah's line.
Jubilees 31:18

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Then the nations will tremble at your presence, and all peoples will be shaken before you.

REF Then shall the Gentiles fear before thy face, and all the nations shall quake and all the peoples shall quake.

Jubilees 31:19

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

In you shall be the help of Jacob, and in you shall be found the salvation of Israel.

REF In thee shall be the help of Jacob, and in thee be found the salvation of Israel.

Jubilees 31:20

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

When you sit on the throne of honor that is yours by right, there will be great peace for all the descendants of the beloved.

REF And when thou sittest on the throne of honour of thy righteousness there shall be great peace for all the seed of the sons of the beloved.

Jubilees 31:21

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She turned to Jacob and said: Remember all that I am telling you, my son. Do not let your mother's words leave your heart for all the days of your life.

REF And she turned her face to Jacob and said: 'Remember this, my son, all that I command thee; let not the words of thy mother go forth from thy heart all the days of thy life.'

Jubilees 31:22

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For I know — and I declare to you now — that your sons will forsake you and not walk in your ways. They will do evil.

REF For I know and from henceforth will declare unto thee that thy sons will forsake thee and not walk in thy ways, and that they will do evil.

Jubilees 31:23

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

They will not acknowledge the God of their father. They will go after foreign gods.

REF And they will not acknowledge the God of their father, but will go after strange gods.

Jubilees 31:24

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Their sins will be many, and they will be swept from the face of the earth.

REF And their sins shall be many, and they shall be destroyed from the face of the earth.

Jubilees 31:25

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She wept and said to Jacob: My son, I charge you — do not take a wife from among the daughters of Canaan.

REF And she wept and said to Jacob: 'My son, I charge thee not to take a wife from the seed of the daughters of Canaan.'

Jubilees 31:26

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Rebekah died and was buried in the cave of Machpelah in the land of Canaan, near Abraham.

REF And Rebekah died and was buried in the cave of Machpelah, in the land of Canaan, near Abraham.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Genesis never records Rebekah's death or burial. This is Jubilees filling one of the most notable silences in the Torah.
Jubilees 31:27

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

In the sixth year of this week, Jacob sent his sons to pasture their sheep.

REF And in the sixth year of this week Jacob sent his sons to pasture their sheep.

Jubilees 31:28

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

The seven kings of the Amorites assembled against them, intending to kill them.

REF And the seven kings of the Amorites assembled themselves together against them, to slay them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This Amorite coalition attack has no parallel in Genesis.
Jubilees 31:29

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Jacob, Levi, Judah, and Joseph were in the house with their father Isaac.

REF And Jacob and Levi and Judah and Joseph were in the house with Isaac their father.

Jubilees 31:30

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

The king of Tappu came, along with the king of Aresa, the king of Saragan, the king of Selo, the king of Gaash, the king of Beth-horon, and the king of Mahanisaqris.

REF And there came the kings of Tappu, Aresa, Saragan, Selo, Ga'as, Bethoron, and Ma'anisaqris.

Jubilees 31:31

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Word was brought to Jacob: The Amorite kings have surrounded your sons.

REF And they announced this to Jacob saying: 'The kings of the Amorites have surrounded thy sons.'

Jubilees 31:32

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

He rose from his house with his three sons — Levi, Judah, and Joseph. They struck down the kings of the Amorites.

REF And he arose from his house, he and his three sons Levi and Judah and Joseph, and he smote the kings of the Amorites.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Jacob as a warrior figure is unique to Jubilees. Genesis presents no such military campaigns by Jacob.