Jubilees / Chapter 33

Jubilees 33

23 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic)

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Reuben lies with Bilhah, his father's concubine — a grave transgression. Jacob discovers it and is grieved but does not approach Bilhah again. The chapter transitions into extended halakhic material on sexual prohibitions, declaring that uncovering a father's bed is punishable by death.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

Jubilees uses the Reuben-Bilhah incident (Genesis 35:22) — reported in a single verse in the Torah — as the occasion for an elaborate legal code on sexual crimes.

Translation Friction

The severity of the penalty (death, no atonement) exceeds Leviticus 20:11, which prescribes death but does not deny atonement.

Connections

Genesis 35:22 (Reuben and Bilhah); Leviticus 18:8; 20:11; Genesis 49:3-4 (Reuben's loss of birthright); Deuteronomy 27:20.

Jubilees 33:1

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Jacob went and settled south of the Tower of Eder. In the first year of the first week of the forty-fifth jubilee, he went up to Bethel.

REF And Jacob went and dwelt to the south of the tower of Eder.

Jubilees 33:2

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

At the new moon of the first month, he set out for the land of Canaan. He built an altar on the mountain and offered sacrifices.

REF And on the new moon of the first month he set out and went to the land of Canaan.

Jubilees 33:3

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Reuben saw Bilhah, Rachel's maid and his father's concubine, bathing in a secluded place. He desired her.

REF And Reuben saw Bilhah, Rachel's maid, bathing in water in a secret place, and he desired her.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Jubilees adds the detail of Bilhah bathing — absent from Genesis.
Jubilees 33:4

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

He concealed himself at night and entered Bilhah's house. He found her sleeping alone in her bed.

REF And he hid himself at night, and entered the house of Bilhah, and found her sleeping alone.

Jubilees 33:5

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

He lay with her. She awoke and saw that Reuben was in bed with her. She cried out.

REF And he lay with her, and she awoke and saw Reuben, and cried out.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Bilhah's resistance establishes that this was assault, not a consensual act.
Jubilees 33:6

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She was overcome with shame, and she released her grip on him. He fled.

REF And she was ashamed and released her hand from him, and he fled.

Jubilees 33:7

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

She grieved bitterly over what had happened but told no one.

REF And she lamented because of this thing exceedingly.

Jubilees 33:8

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

When Jacob came, she said to him: I am no longer clean for you. Reuben violated me in the night while I slept.

REF And when Jacob came, she said: 'I am not clean for thee, for Reuben has defiled me.'

Jubilees 33:9

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Jacob was furious with Reuben for lying with Bilhah — for uncovering his father's bed.

REF And Jacob was exceedingly wroth with Reuben because he had uncovered his father's skirt.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. 'Uncovering his father's bed' uses the same idiom as Leviticus 18:8.
Jubilees 33:10

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Jacob never approached Bilhah again, because Reuben had defiled her. As for any man who uncovers his father's bed — his act is abominable before the Lord.

REF And Jacob did not approach her again because Reuben had defiled her.

Jubilees 33:11

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For this reason it is written and ordained on the heavenly tablets: a man must not lie with his father's wife and must not uncover his father's bed. They must both be put to death.

REF For this reason it is written on the heavenly tablets that a man should not lie with his father's wife.

Jubilees 33:12

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

There must be no impurity before our God among the nation he has chosen for himself as his own possession.

REF And there shall be nothing unclean before our God in the nation which He hath chosen.

Jubilees 33:13

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

And again it is written: Cursed be the one who lies with his father's wife. And all the holy ones of the Lord said: So be it! So be it!

REF And again, it is written: 'Cursed be he who lieth with the wife of his father.' And all the holy ones said 'So be it.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'holy ones' ratifying the curse echoes Deuteronomy 27:20.
Jubilees 33:14

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

And you, Moses, command the children of Israel to observe this law, for it carries the death penalty. There is no atonement — ever — for the man who does this.

REF And do thou, Moses, command the children of Israel that they observe this word; for it entaileth a punishment of death.

Jubilees 33:15

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

On the very day he commits this act, he must be killed. No sin offering, no guilt offering, and no burnt offering can atone for it.

REF For the day on which he did this he is to be slain.

Jubilees 33:16

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

It is written in the Torah of Moses that such a man must be destroyed and cut off, for he has committed a shameful crime in Israel.

REF And it is written that he shall be destroyed and cut off.

Jubilees 33:17

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Reuben repented and sought forgiveness from his father and his brothers.

REF And Reuben repented, and sought his father's forgiveness.

Jubilees 33:18

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Jacob said: Let it be forgiven, since Reuben has asked for mercy, and it was a source of grief to him.

REF And Jacob said: 'Let it be forgiven, for Reuben asked for forgiveness.'

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Jacob's forgiveness stands in tension with the 'no atonement' law just stated.
Jubilees 33:19

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

For this reason it was ordained and written on the heavenly tablets that the firstborn should not receive the birthright portion. It was to be given to the one next after him.

REF And for this reason it was ordained on the heavenly tablets, that the firstborn should not take the birthright.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Reuben's loss of the birthright is here made a permanent heavenly decree.
Jubilees 33:20

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

He repented and was forgiven, and he did not commit this act again.

REF And he repented and was forgiven, and he did not do this thing again.

Jubilees 33:21

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

After this, Jacob journeyed south to Ephrath — that is, Bethlehem — in the land of Canaan.

REF And after this Jacob went south to Ephrath, that is, Bethlehem.

Jubilees 33:22

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Isaac, Jacob's father, was still alive. Isaac blessed the God of his father Abraham.

REF And Isaac was still alive.

Jubilees 33:23

Ge'ez text per Charles/VanderKam editions

Isaac knew that the Lord's blessing had not departed from him all the days of his life. He gave thanks to the Lord God of Israel, the Holy One.

REF And Isaac knew that the Lord's blessing had not departed from him all the days of his life.