Chapter Overview
Summary
1 Samuel 14 is the Jonathan-at-Michmash triumph: Jonathan's daring two-man attack on a Philistine outpost precipitates a divine-panic among the Philistine army (vv. 1–23), followed by Saul's rash oath and the near-death of Jonathan for tasting honey (vv. 24–46). The chapter reveals both Jonathan's faith ('nothing prevents the LORD from saving by many or by few,' v. 6) and Saul's impetuous leadership style that foreshadows his later downfall.
Notable Variants
The 'Urim and Thummim' divination at 14:41 where MT has a truncated text and LXX (plus 4QSamᵃ) preserves the fuller formula; Jonathan's faith-declaration at 14:6 as template for Christian faith-theology; the 'not a hair of his head' at 14:45 quoted at Acts 27:34.
Structural Notes
LXX 1 Samuel 14 has 52 verses, matching MT.
One day Jonathan son of Saul said to the young man who carried his weapons, "Come, let's cross over to the Philistine outpost on the other side." But he did not tell his father.
Jonathan's secret move tracks MT.
Saul was sitting at the edge of Gibeah under the pomegranate tree at Migron, and the force with him was about six hundred men.
Saul at Migron tracks MT.
Ahijah son of Ahitub — brother of Ichabod, son of Phinehas, son of Eli, priest of the LORD at Shiloh — was wearing the ephod. And the people did not know that Jonathan had gone.
Ahijah the priest tracks MT. The Eli-line priesthood continues: Ahijah is great-great-grandson of Eli through Phinehas-Ichabod. The 2:31 prophecy against Eli's house is already unfolding.
Between the passes by which Jonathan intended to cross to the Philistine outpost, there was a rocky crag on one side and a rocky crag on the other. One was named Bozez and the other Seneh.
Bozez and Seneh rocky crags track MT.
One crag rose as a cliff face on the north, facing Michmash, and the other on the south, facing Geba.
Crag geography tracks MT.
Jonathan said to his armor-bearer, "Come, let's cross over to the outpost of these uncircumcised men. Perhaps the LORD will act for us, because nothing prevents the LORD from saving — whether by many or by few."
Masoretic (WLC)
כִּי אֵין לַיהוָה מַעְצוֹר לְהוֹשִׁיעַ בְּרַב אוֹ בִמְעָט
nothing prevents the LORD from saving by many or by few
Septuagint (LXX)
ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν τῷ κυρίῳ συνεχόμενον σῴζειν ἐν πολλοῖς ἢ ἐν ὀλίγοις
for the Lord has no difficulty to save by many or by few
Jonathan's faith-declaration — 'nothing prevents the LORD from saving by many or by few' — is one of the Hebrew Bible's clearest statements of divine-unconstrained-salvation. The theology: deliverance does not depend on military quantity but on divine will.
The principle underlies Gideon's 300 (Judges 7), David's vs. Goliath (1 Sam 17), and the NT's 'God's power made perfect in weakness' (2 Cor 12:9). Jesus' 'with God all things are possible' (Mark 10:27, Matt 19:26) is the Christological version of Jonathan's faith-principle.
His armor-bearer said to him, "Do everything that is in your heart. Go forward — I am with you, heart and soul."
Armor-bearer's commitment tracks MT. 'Heart and soul' (kardia kai psychē) is a friendship-covenant formula.
Jonathan said, "Right — we are going to cross over toward those men and let them see us."
Jonathan's plan tracks MT.
"If they say to us, 'Stay where you are until we come down to you,' then we will stand in place and not go up to them."
First scenario tracks MT.
"But if they say, 'Come up to us' — then we will climb up, because the LORD has given them into our hands. That will be the sign for us."
Second scenario — the sign of divine-deliverance — tracks MT. The 'come up to us' invitation will be the divine 'the LORD has given them into our hands' sign.
The two of them revealed themselves to the Philistine outpost. The Philistines said, "Look — Hebrews coming out of the holes where they have been hiding."
Philistine mockery of 'Hebrews coming out of holes' tracks MT.
The men of the outpost called out to Jonathan and his armor-bearer, "Come up to us and we will teach you a lesson!" Jonathan said to his armor-bearer, "Climb up behind me — the LORD has given them into Israel's hand."
The 'come up to us and we will teach you a lesson' taunt — the signal Jonathan has been waiting for — tracks MT.
Jonathan climbed up on his hands and feet, with his armor-bearer right behind him. The Philistines fell before Jonathan, and his armor-bearer finished them off behind him.
Jonathan's climbing on hands and feet and the slaughter tracks MT.
That first strike by Jonathan and his armor-bearer killed about twenty men within roughly half the area a team of oxen could plow in a day.
Twenty dead within a half-acre tracks MT.
Terror struck the camp — in the field, among all the troops, the outpost, and the raiding parties — they all trembled. The ground itself shook. It became a God-sent panic.
'God-sent panic' (thambos theou) tracks MT. The divine-terror is the classic divine-warrior intervention.
Saul's lookouts in Gibeah of Benjamin watched as the Philistine horde was dissolving, scattering in every direction.
Saul's lookouts watching the Philistine collapse track MT.
Saul said to the troops with him, "Take a count and find out who has left us." They took the count, and Jonathan and his armor-bearer were missing.
Troop count reveals Jonathan missing tracks MT.
Saul said to Ahijah, "Bring the ephod of God here" — for the ephod of God was with the Israelites at that time.
Masoretic (WLC)
הַגִּישָׁה אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים
Bring the ephod of God here — for the ephod of God was with the Israelites at that time
Septuagint (LXX)
προσάγαγε τὸ εφουδ ὅτι αὐτὸς ἦρεν τὸ εφουδ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ἐνώπιον Ισραηλ
Bring the ephod — for he wore the ephod at that time before Israel
Significant LXX-MT divergence. MT reads 'ark of God,' LXX reads 'ephod.' The LXX reading is more narratively coherent: the ark is historically at Kiriath-jearim (1 Sam 7:2) and would not be portable to a battle camp; the ephod (priestly oracular vest) would be.
Most critical scholars consider the LXX reading correct. TCR renders 'ephod of God' (following LXX against MT's 'ark of God').
While Saul was still speaking to the priest, the commotion in the Philistine camp kept growing louder and louder. Saul said to the priest, "Pull your hand back."
Saul's 'pull your hand back' tracks MT. The priest's Urim-Thummim consultation is aborted as Saul rushes into action.
Saul and all the troops with him rallied and advanced to the battle. When they arrived, every Philistine's sword was turned against his neighbor — the confusion was catastrophic.
Philistine self-slaughter tracks MT. The 'every man's sword against his neighbor' is the divine-panic pattern (Judges 7:22).
The Hebrews who had previously been with the Philistines — who had gone up with them into the camp from the surrounding area — even they turned to join the Israelites under Saul and Jonathan.
Defecting Hebrews track MT.
And all the Israelites who had been hiding in the hill country of Ephraim heard that the Philistines were fleeing, and they too joined the pursuit in battle.
Hidden Israelites joining track MT.
The LORD saved Israel that day, and the battle moved past Beth-aven.
'The LORD saved Israel' (esōsen kyrios) tracks MT. The sōzō vocabulary for the day's deliverance is the Hebrew Bible's typical sōzō-day theology.
The men of Israel were hard-pressed that day, because Saul had bound the troops with an oath, saying, "Cursed is the man who eats any food before evening, until I have taken vengeance on my enemies!" So none of the troops ate anything.
Saul's oath binding the troops tracks MT.
The whole army entered a forest, and there was honey on the surface of the ground.
Honey on the ground tracks MT.
When the troops entered the forest, honey was flowing freely, but no one raised his hand to his mouth, because the troops feared the oath.
Troops' fear of the oath tracks MT.
But Jonathan had not heard when his father bound the troops with the oath. He reached out the tip of the staff in his hand, dipped it into the honeycomb, brought his hand to his mouth — and his eyes brightened.
Jonathan's unknowing consumption of honey tracks MT. The 'eyes brightened' (diekopēsan hoi ophthalmoi) is a physiological-restoration detail — hunger causes vision dimness; sugar restores it.
One of the soldiers spoke up and said, "Your father strictly bound the troops with an oath, saying, 'Cursed is the man who eats food today.'" The troops were exhausted.
Soldier's warning to Jonathan tracks MT.
Jonathan said, "My father has brought trouble on the land. Look at how my eyes have brightened because I tasted just a little of this honey."
Jonathan's critique — 'my father has brought trouble on the land' — tracks MT. The verb 'troubled the land' (etarachen tēn gēn) is the same word used of Elijah by Ahab at 1 Kings 18:17 ('you troubler of Israel').
How much greater would the victory have been if the troops had eaten freely today from the plunder of their enemies! The slaughter among the Philistines would have been far greater.
Jonathan's counterfactual tracks MT.
They struck down the Philistines that day from Michmash to Aijalon, and the troops were utterly exhausted.
Continued battle and exhaustion track MT.
The troops rushed at the plunder, seizing sheep, cattle, and calves, and slaughtered them right on the ground. The troops ate the meat with the blood still in it.
Troops eating blood tracks MT. The blood-prohibition (Gen 9:4, Lev 17:10–14) violated here becomes a paradigm of exhausted-and-hungry-soldiers-break-kosher that will echo in Jesus' defense of his disciples (Matt 12:1–8 on grain-picking on the Sabbath).
Someone reported to Saul, "Look, the troops are sinning against the LORD by eating meat with the blood." He said, "You have acted treacherously! Roll a large stone over to me right now."
Saul's correction tracks MT. The stone-altar expedient tries to prevent the blood-eating sin by centralized slaughter.
Saul said, "Spread out among the troops and tell them: Every man bring his ox, every man his sheep — slaughter them here on this stone and eat. Do not sin against the LORD by eating meat with the blood." All the troops brought their animals that night, each man leading his ox by hand, and slaughtered them there.
Slaughter on the stone tracks MT.
Saul built an altar to the LORD. It was the first altar he had ever built to the LORD.
Saul's first altar tracks MT. The narrator's observation — 'it was the first altar he had ever built to the LORD' — is not flattering. The king who builds monuments to himself (15:12) is slow to build altars to God.
Saul said, "Let's go down after the Philistines tonight and plunder them until dawn, and not leave a single man alive." The troops said, "Do whatever seems good to you." But the priest said, "Let us approach God here first."
Nighttime-pursuit plan and the priest's 'let us approach God' caution track MT.
Saul inquired of God: "Should I go down after the Philistines? Will you give them into Israel's hand?" But God did not answer him that day.
Saul's oracle-inquiry and divine silence track MT. The divine silence signals that some sin has interrupted the covenant-oracle.
Saul said, "Come forward — all the leaders of the troops. Find out and determine what sin has been committed today."
Saul's investigation tracks MT.
"As the LORD who saves Israel lives — even if the guilt lies with my son Jonathan, he will certainly die." But not a single person among all the troops said a word.
Saul's rash oath — even if Jonathan — tracks MT.
He said to all Israel, "You will stand on one side, and I and my son Jonathan will stand on the other." The people said to Saul, "Do what seems good to you."
Lot-casting arrangement tracks MT.
Saul said to the LORD, the God of Israel, "Why have you not answered your servant today? If the guilt is in me or in my son Jonathan, LORD God of Israel, let the answer be Urim. If the guilt is in your people Israel, let the answer be Thummim." Jonathan and Saul were selected by lot, and the people were cleared.
Masoretic (WLC)
וַיֹּאמֶר שָׁאוּל אֶל־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָבָה תָמִים
Why have you not answered your servant today? If the guilt is in me or in my son Jonathan, LORD God of Israel, let the answer be Urim. If the guilt is in your people Israel, let the answer be Thummim.
Septuagint (LXX)
καὶ εἶπεν Σαουλ κύριε ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ τί ὅτι οὐκ ἀπεκρίθης τῷ δούλῳ σου σήμερον εἰ ἐν ἐμοὶ ἢ ἐν Ιωναθαν τῷ υἱῷ μου ἡ ἀδικία κύριε ὁ θεὸς Ισραηλ δὸς δήλους καὶ ἐὰν τάδε εἴπῃς ἐν τῷ λαῷ σου Ισραηλ δὸς δὴ ὁσιότητα
Lord God of Israel, why have you not answered your servant today? If the injustice is in me or in Jonathan my son, give an explanation. If you speak thus to your people Israel, give piety.
A major LXX plus preserving what MT has lost through haplography. MT reads the abbreviated 'give a perfect answer,' while LXX (and TCR, which follows LXX here) preserves the full Urim-and-Thummim oracle-formula.
The fuller LXX text is attested by 4QSamᵃ from Qumran. Most critical scholars and modern translations (NRSV, ESV footnote, NET) follow the LXX reading.
The Urim-Thummim oracular system — with its Yes/No/Inconclusive outcomes — is one of the Hebrew Bible's clearest pre-exilic divination-methods (Exod 28:30, Num 27:21, Deut 33:8, 1 Sam 28:6).
Saul said, "Cast the lot between me and my son Jonathan." And Jonathan was selected.
Jonathan selected tracks MT.
Saul said to Jonathan, "Tell me — what have you done?" Jonathan told him: "I tasted a little honey with the tip of the staff in my hand. Here I am — I am ready to die."
Jonathan's confession tracks MT. 'I am ready to die' (apothnēskō) is a ready-for-death-by-legitimate-authority posture.
Saul said, "May God do this to me and worse — you will certainly die, Jonathan."
Saul's oath-to-kill-Jonathan tracks MT.
But the people said to Saul, "Should Jonathan die — the one who accomplished this great deliverance in Israel? Absolutely not! As the LORD lives, not a single hair from his head will fall to the ground, because he fought alongside God today." The people ransomed Jonathan, and he did not die.
Masoretic (WLC)
חָלִילָה חַי־יְהוָה אִם־יִפֹּל מִשַּׂעֲרַת רֹאשׁוֹ אַרְצָה
Absolutely not! As the LORD lives, not a single hair from his head will fall
Septuagint (LXX)
μὴ γένοιτο ζῇ κύριος εἰ πεσεῖται τῆς τριχὸς τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν
By no means! As the Lord lives, no hair of his head shall fall to the ground
'Not a hair of his head will fall to the ground' becomes a standing biblical formula. Acts 27:34 (Paul during the shipwreck: 'not a hair is to perish from the head of any of you') cites this LXX idiom. Luke 21:18 (Jesus: 'not a hair of your head will perish') likewise.
The 'God has accomplished this deliverance' attribution to Jonathan confirms the theological reading: the people rescue Jonathan from his own father's rash oath, on the basis that divine agency is visible in Jonathan's victory.
Saul broke off the pursuit of the Philistines, and the Philistines returned to their own territory.
Saul's break-off of pursuit tracks MT — the missed-opportunity narrative-theme continues.
Saul had secured the kingship over Israel and waged war on every side against all his enemies: against Moab, the Ammonites, Edom, the kings of Zobah, and the Philistines. Wherever he turned, he inflicted defeat.
Saul's war-on-all-fronts summary tracks MT.
He mustered a fighting force and struck Amalek, and he rescued Israel from the hands of those who plundered them.
Amalek-war summary tracks MT — pre-figuring the chapter 15 Amalek rejection.
The sons of Saul were Jonathan, Ishvi, and Malki-shua. The names of his two daughters: the firstborn was Merab, and the younger was Michal.
Saul's sons and daughters listed — Jonathan, Ishvi, Malki-shua, Merab, Michal. Michal will become David's first wife (18:20–27).
The name of Saul's wife was Ahinoam daughter of Ahimaaz. The name of his army commander was Abner son of Ner, Saul's uncle.
Saul's wife and army commander tracks MT.
Kish was Saul's father, and Ner, Abner's father, was the son of Abiel.
Saul's genealogy tracks MT.
The war against the Philistines was fierce throughout Saul's entire reign. Whenever Saul saw a strong warrior or any capable fighting man, he would recruit him into his service.
The 'fierce war throughout Saul's reign' summary tracks MT. The 'recruit strong warriors' note — Saul's eye for military talent — sets up David's recruitment in chapter 16.