Chapter Overview
Summary
Isaiah 10 contains the WOE-TO-ASSYRIA prophecy (vv. 5–19) — Assyria as the divine-rod-of-anger, but-itself proud-and-judged. Verses 22–23 — 'a remnant of them will be saved' — is cited at Romans 9:27–28 in Paul's-remnant-theology. The chapter closes with the SHOOT-FROM-STUMP-OF-JESSE preview before chapter 11's full-development.
Notable Variants
10:1 'woe to those who decree iniquitous decrees' legislative-injustice; 10:5 Assyria as 'rod of my anger' divine-instrument; 10:22–23 → Romans 9:27–28 remnant-theology citation.
Structural Notes
MT Isaiah 10 = LXX Isaiah 10. 34 verses.
Woe to those who enact wicked statutes, who write oppression into law —
'Woe to those who decree iniquitous decrees, and the writers who keep writing oppression' tracks MT. WOE-TO-LEGISLATIVE-INJUSTICE — Isaiah's-target is unjust-laws not-just unjust-actions. Modern-application to-systemic-injustice.
to turn the poor aside from justice, to rob the afflicted of my people of their rights, so that widows become their plunder and orphans their prey.
'To turn aside the needy from justice and to rob the poor of my people of their right, that widows may be their spoil, and that they may make the fatherless their prey!' tracks MT.
What will you do on the day of reckoning, when devastation comes from afar? To whom will you flee for help? Where will you leave your wealth?
'What will you do on the day of punishment, in the ruin that will come from afar? To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth?' tracks MT. DAY-OF-PUNISHMENT theology.
Nothing remains but to crouch among the prisoners or fall among the slain. For all this, his anger has not turned away, and his hand is still stretched out.
'Nothing remains but to crouch among the prisoners or fall among the slain. For all this his anger has not turned away, and his hand is stretched out still' tracks MT. // 9:12, 17, 21 refrain — final-occurrence.
Woe to Assyria, the rod of my anger — the staff in their hand is my fury!
'Woe to Assyria, the rod of my anger; the staff in their hands is my fury!' tracks MT. ASSYRIA-AS-DIVINE-ROD. Habakkuk 1:6 (Babylon-as-divine-instrument) parallels — God-uses-foreign-empires for-judgment then-judges-them in-turn.
Against a godless nation I send him; against the people of my wrath I command him — to seize plunder, to carry off spoil, to trample them like mud in the streets.
'Against a godless nation I send him, and against the people of my wrath I command him, to take spoil and seize plunder, and to tread them down like the mire of the streets' tracks MT.
But this is not what he intends; this is not what his heart plans. Rather, it is in his heart to destroy, to cut off nations — not a few.
'But he does not so intend, and his heart does not so think; but it is in his heart to destroy, and to cut off nations not a few' tracks MT. ASSYRIA'S-AGENDA-DIFFERS-FROM-GOD'S — divine-permission does-not equal divine-endorsement.
For he says: "Are not my commanders every one a king?"
'For he says: Are not my commanders all kings?' tracks MT.
"Is not Calno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus?"
'Is not Calno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus?' tracks MT. CITY-LIST of-Assyrian-conquests.
"As my hand has reached the kingdoms of the idols, whose carved images surpassed those of Jerusalem and Samaria —"
'As my hand has reached to the kingdoms of the idols, whose carved images were greater than those of Jerusalem and Samaria' tracks MT.
"shall I not do to Jerusalem and her images as I have done to Samaria and her idols?"
'Shall I not do to Jerusalem and her idols as I have done to Samaria and her images?' tracks MT.
When the Lord has finished all his work on Mount Zion and Jerusalem, he will punish the fruit of the arrogant heart of Assyria's king and the glory of his haughty eyes.
'When the Lord has finished all his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, he will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and the boastful look in his eyes' tracks MT. PUNISH-ASSYRIA-AFTER-USING-HER. Romans 11:25's 'partial hardening … until the fullness of the Gentiles has come in' shares the staged-judgment logic.
For he has said: "By the strength of my hand I have done this, by my wisdom — for I am shrewd. I have erased the borders of peoples, I have plundered their treasuries, and like a mighty bull I have brought down those enthroned."
'For he says: By the strength of my hand I have done it, and by my wisdom, for I have understanding; I remove the boundaries of peoples, and plunder their treasures; like a bull I bring down those who sit on thrones' tracks MT. ASSYRIAN-PRIDE confession.
"My hand has reached into the wealth of peoples as into a nest, and as one gathers abandoned eggs, I have gathered the whole earth. Not a wing fluttered, not a beak opened, not a chirp was heard."
'My hand has found like a nest the wealth of the peoples; and as one gathers eggs that have been forsaken, so I have gathered all the earth; and there was none that moved a wing or opened the mouth or chirped' tracks MT.
Does the axe boast over the one who chops with it? Does the saw exalt itself over the one who wields it? As if a rod could swing the one who lifts it! As if a staff could raise what is not wood!
'Shall the axe boast over him who hews with it, or the saw magnify itself against him who wields it? As if a rod should wield him who lifts it, or as if a staff should lift him who is not wood!' tracks MT. AXE-BOASTING analogy — instrument-cannot-claim-credit-over-the-wielder. Romans 9:20–21 ('does the thing molded say to its molder: Why have you made me thus?') extends.
Therefore the Lord, the LORD of Hosts, will send a wasting disease among Assyria's stout warriors, and under his glory a fire will be kindled, a blazing like the blazing of flame.
'Therefore the Lord GOD of hosts will send wasting sickness among his stout warriors, and under his glory a burning will be kindled, like the burning of fire' tracks MT.
The Light of Israel will become a fire, and his Holy One a flame. It will burn and devour Assyria's thorns and briars in a single day.
'The light of Israel will become a fire, and his Holy One a flame, and it will burn and devour his thorns and briers in one day' tracks MT.
The glory of his forest and his garden land he will consume, both soul and body, and it will be as when a sick man wastes away.
'The glory of his forest and of his fruitful land the LORD will destroy, both soul and body, and it will be as when a sick man wastes away' tracks MT.
The remaining trees of his forest will be so few that a child could count them.
'The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few that a child can write them down' tracks MT.
On that day, the remnant of Israel and the survivors of the house of Jacob will no longer lean on the one who struck them, but will lean on the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, in truth.
'In that day the remnant of Israel and the survivors of the house of Jacob will no more lean on him who struck them, but will lean on the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, in truth' tracks MT. REMNANT-RELIES-ON-LORD theology.
A remnant will return — a remnant of Jacob — to the Mighty God.
'A remnant will return, the remnant of Jacob, to the mighty God' tracks MT. REMNANT-WILL-RETURN (shear-jashub — recalling Isaiah's son-name 7:3). MIGHTY-GOD (el gibbor) — divine-title-attached-to-the-Messianic-child of 9:6.
For though your people Israel be as the sand of the sea, only a remnant of them will return. Destruction is decreed, overflowing with righteousness.
Masoretic (WLC)
כִּי אִם־יִהְיֶה עַמְּךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּחוֹל הַיָּם שְׁאָר יָשׁוּב בּוֹ כִּלָּיוֹן חָרוּץ שׁוֹטֵף צְדָקָה
For though your people Israel be as the sand of the sea, only a remnant of them will return; destruction is decreed, overflowing with righteousness
Septuagint (LXX)
καὶ ἐὰν γένηται ὁ λαὸς Ισραηλ ὡς ἡ ἄμμος τῆς θαλάσσης τὸ κατάλειμμα αὐτῶν σωθήσεται λόγον γὰρ συντελῶν καὶ συντέμνων ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ
And though the people of Israel become as the sand of the sea, a remnant of them shall be saved; for he is finishing and cutting short a word in righteousness
ROMANS 9:27–28 CITATION. Paul cites this verse (with Isaiah 10:23 added) at Romans 9:27–28 verbatim-from-LXX: 'And Isaiah cries out concerning Israel: THOUGH THE NUMBER OF THE SONS OF ISRAEL BE AS THE SAND OF THE SEA, ONLY A REMNANT OF THEM WILL BE SAVED, for the Lord will carry out his sentence upon the earth fully and without delay.' Paul's-remnant-theology directly-quotes-LXX-Isaiah here for the-elect-remnant-within-Israel concept.
For a complete destruction, one that is decreed, the Lord, the LORD of Hosts, is bringing upon the whole land.
'For the Lord GOD of hosts will make a full end, as decreed, in the midst of all the earth' tracks MT. // Romans 9:28.
Therefore, this is what the Lord, the LORD of Hosts, says: Do not fear, my people who dwell in Zion, when Assyria strikes you with the rod and lifts his staff against you as Egypt once did.
'Therefore thus says the Lord GOD of hosts: O my people, who dwell in Zion, be not afraid of the Assyrians when they strike with the rod and lift up their staff against you as the Egyptians did' tracks MT.
For in just a little while, a very little while, fury will be spent, and my anger will turn to their destruction.
'For in a very little while my fury will come to an end, and my anger will be directed to their destruction' tracks MT.
The LORD of Hosts will raise a whip against him, as when he struck Midian at the rock of Oreb, and will lift his staff over the sea as he did against Egypt.
'And the LORD of hosts will wield against them a whip, as when he struck Midian at the rock of Oreb. And his staff will be over the sea, and he will lift it as he did in Egypt' tracks MT.
On that day, his burden will be removed from your shoulder and his yoke from your neck, and the yoke will be broken because of fatness.
'And in that day his burden will depart from your shoulder, and his yoke from your neck; and the yoke will be broken because of the fat' tracks MT. YOKE-BROKEN. Matthew 11:30 ('my yoke is easy and my burden is light') Christologically-inverts.
He has come to Aiath, he has passed through Migron, at Michmash he stores his equipment.
'He has come to Aiath; he has passed through Migron; at Michmash he stores his baggage' tracks MT. ASSYRIAN-MARCH-ROUTE — geographical-list of approach-to-Jerusalem.
They have crossed the pass; they lodge at Geba. Ramah trembles; Gibeah of Saul has fled.
'They have crossed over the pass; at Geba they lodge for the night; Ramah trembles; Gibeah of Saul has fled' tracks MT.
Shriek aloud, daughter of Gallim! Listen, Laishah! Answer her, Anathoth!
'Cry aloud, O daughter of Gallim! Give attention, O Laishah! O poor Anathoth!' tracks MT.
Madmenah has fled; the people of Gebim scramble for cover.
'Madmenah is in flight; the inhabitants of Gebim flee for safety' tracks MT.
This very day he halts at Nob; he shakes his fist at the mountain of daughter Zion, the hill of Jerusalem.
'This very day he will halt at Nob; he will shake his fist at the mount of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem' tracks MT.
Look — the Lord, the LORD of Hosts, is lopping the branches with terrifying force! The tallest are hewn down; the lofty are brought low.
'Behold, the Lord GOD of hosts will lop the boughs with terrifying power; the great in height will be hewn down, and the lofty will be brought low' tracks MT. ASSYRIA-FELLED imagery — high-trees-cut-down.
He will hack through the forest thickets with iron, and Lebanon will fall by a mighty one.
'He will cut down the thickets of the forest with an axe, and Lebanon will fall by the Majestic One' tracks MT. SETS-UP chapter 11 — from-the-fallen-forest, the SHOOT-FROM-JESSE'S-STUMP rises.