Chapter Overview
Summary
Isaiah 66 closes the book with a comprehensive eschatological-vision: divine-transcendence over-temple (vv. 1–2), Zion-as-mother (vv. 7–13), gathering-of-all-nations (vv. 18–21), and the final-judgment with-its-WORM-NOT-DYING-AND-FIRE-NOT-QUENCHED imagery (v. 24, cited at-Mark 9:48). Verses 1–2 are cited at-Acts 7:49–50 (Stephen's-speech). The book closes-canon's first-half with-the-eschatological-finale.
Notable Variants
66:1–2 'heaven is my throne' → Acts 7:49–50; 66:7 'before she was in labor she gave birth' → Rev 12:5; 66:18–21 ALL-NATIONS-GATHERING / Gentile-priests; 66:24 'their worm shall not die, their fire shall not be quenched' → Mark 9:48 verbatim.
Structural Notes
MT Isaiah 66 = LXX Isaiah 66. 24 verses. CLOSES THE BOOK OF ISAIAH.
This is what the LORD says: "Heaven is My throne, and the earth is My footstool. What kind of house would you build for Me? And what would be the place of My rest?"
Masoretic (WLC)
כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה הַשָּׁמַיִם כִּסְאִי וְהָאָרֶץ הֲדֹם רַגְלָי אֵי־זֶה בַיִת אֲשֶׁר תִּבְנוּ־לִי וְאֵי־זֶה מָקוֹם מְנוּחָתִי
Thus says the LORD: Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool; what is the house that you would build for me, and what is the place of my rest?
Septuagint (LXX)
οὕτως λέγει κύριος ὁ οὐρανός μοι θρόνος ἡ δὲ γῆ ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν μου ποῖον οἶκον οἰκοδομήσετέ μοι ἢ ποῖος τόπος τῆς καταπαύσεώς μου
Thus says the Lord: Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool; what kind of house will you build for me, or what kind of place is my resting-place?
ACTS 7:49–50 CITATION. Stephen cites this verse VERBATIM-FROM-LXX in his-speech-before-the-Sanhedrin (Acts 7:49–50): 'HEAVEN IS MY THRONE, AND THE EARTH IS MY FOOTSTOOL. WHAT KIND OF HOUSE WILL YOU BUILD FOR ME, says the Lord, OR WHAT IS THE PLACE OF MY REST? Did not my hand make all these things?' Stephen-applies the divine-transcendence to-show that-no-physical-temple can-confine God — preparing-the-charge of-temple-blasphemy that-leads-to-his-martyrdom.
"All these things My hand has made, and so all these things came to be," declares the LORD. "But this is the one to whom I will look: he who is humble and contrite in spirit and who trembles at My word."
'All these things my hand has made, and so all these things came to be, declares the LORD. But this is the one to whom I will look: he who is humble and contrite in spirit and trembles at my word' tracks MT. HUMBLE-AND-CONTRITE divine-attention. // Isa 57:15. Matt 5:3 ('blessed are the poor in spirit') extends.
"He who slaughters an ox is like one who kills a man; he who sacrifices a lamb is like one who breaks a dog's neck; he who presents a grain offering — it is like swine's blood; he who offers incense is like one who blesses an idol. They have chosen their own ways, and their soul delights in their abominations."
'He who slaughters an ox is like one who kills a man; he who sacrifices a lamb, like one who breaks a dog's neck; he who presents a grain offering, like one who offers pig's blood; he who makes a memorial offering of frankincense, like one who blesses an idol' tracks MT. EMPTY-RITUAL = ABOMINATION. Sacrifice-without-righteousness.
"So I also will choose their punishments and bring upon them what they dread, because I called and no one answered, I spoke and no one listened. They did what is evil in My eyes and chose what I did not delight in."
'I also will choose harsh treatment for them and bring their fears upon them, because when I called, no one answered, when I spoke, they did not listen; but they did what was evil in my eyes and chose what I did not delight in' tracks MT.
Hear the word of the LORD, you who tremble at His word! Your brothers who hate you and cast you out for My name's sake have said, "Let the LORD be glorified, that we may see your joy!" But it is they who shall be put to shame.
'Hear the word of the LORD, you who tremble at his word: Your brothers who hate you and cast you out for my name's sake have said: Let the LORD be glorified, that we may see your joy; but it is they who shall be put to shame' tracks MT. TREMBLE-AT-HIS-WORD. The faithful-remnant. Excommunication-anticipation. John 16:2 ('they will put you out of the synagogues') Christologically-extends.
A sound of uproar from the city! A voice from the temple! The voice of the LORD, rendering recompense to His enemies!
'The sound of an uproar from the city! A sound from the temple! The sound of the LORD, rendering recompense to his enemies!' tracks MT.
"Before she was in labor she gave birth; before her pain came upon her she delivered a son."
'Before she was in labor she gave birth; before her pain came upon her she delivered a son' tracks MT. INSTANT-BIRTH. Revelation 12:5 ('she gave birth to a male child, one who is to rule all the nations with a rod of iron') Christologically-extends.
"Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things? Can a land be born in one day? Can a nation be brought forth all at once? Yet as soon as Zion was in labor she brought forth her children!"
'Who has heard such a thing? Who has seen such things? Shall a land be born in one day? Shall a nation be brought forth in one moment? For as soon as Zion was in labor she brought forth her children' tracks MT. NATION-BORN-IN-A-DAY. Pentecost-fulfillment (Acts 2:41 — 3,000 baptized-in-one-day) — and modern-Israel's-rebirth (1948).
"Shall I bring to the point of birth and not deliver?" says the LORD. "Shall I who cause to bring forth shut the womb?" says your God.
'Shall I bring to the point of birth and not cause to bring forth? says the LORD; shall I, who cause to bring forth, shut the womb? says your God' tracks MT.
"Rejoice with Jerusalem and be glad for her, all you who love her! Rejoice greatly with her, all you who mourn over her —"
'Rejoice with Jerusalem, and be glad for her, all you who love her; rejoice with her in joy, all you who mourn over her' tracks MT.
"that you may nurse and be satisfied from her consoling breast, that you may drink deeply and delight in the abundance of her glory."
'That you may nurse and be satisfied from her consoling breast; that you may drink deeply with delight from her glorious abundance' tracks MT.
For this is what the LORD says: "Behold, I will extend peace to her like a river, and the glory of the nations like an overflowing stream. You shall nurse; you shall be carried on her hip and bounced upon her knees."
'For thus says the LORD: Behold, I will extend peace to her like a river, and the glory of the nations like an overflowing stream; and you shall nurse, you shall be carried upon her hip, and bounced upon her knees' tracks MT. PEACE-LIKE-A-RIVER. // Isa 48:18. Spafford's-hymn-source.
"As a mother comforts her child, so I will comfort you; and you shall be comforted in Jerusalem."
'As one whom his mother comforts, so I will comfort you; you shall be comforted in Jerusalem' tracks MT. MOTHER-COMFORTS. Maternal-divine-imagery (// Isa 49:15).
"You shall see, and your heart shall rejoice; your bones shall flourish like grass. The hand of the LORD shall be known to His servants, and His indignation to His enemies."
'You shall see, and your heart shall rejoice; your bones shall flourish like the grass; and the hand of the LORD shall be known to his servants, and he shall show his indignation against his enemies' tracks MT.
"For behold, the LORD will come in fire, and His chariots like the whirlwind, to render His anger with fury and His rebuke with flames of fire."
'For behold, the LORD will come in fire, and his chariots like the whirlwind, to render his anger in fury, and his rebuke with flames of fire' tracks MT. COME-IN-FIRE. 2 Thess 1:7–8 ('when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven … in flaming fire') Christologically-extends.
"For by fire and by His sword the LORD will execute judgment on all flesh, and the slain of the LORD shall be many."
'For by fire will the LORD enter into judgment, and by his sword, with all flesh; and those slain by the LORD shall be many' tracks MT.
"Those who consecrate and purify themselves to go into the gardens, following one in the center, eating the flesh of swine, the abomination, and the mouse — they shall come to an end together," declares the LORD.
'Those who sanctify and purify themselves to go into the gardens, following one in the midst, eating pig's flesh and the abomination and mice, shall come to an end together, declares the LORD' tracks MT.
"For I know their works and their thoughts. The time is coming to gather all nations and tongues, and they shall come and see My glory."
'For I know their works and their thoughts, and the time is coming to gather all nations and tongues. And they shall come and shall see my glory' tracks MT. GATHER-ALL-NATIONS. Eschatological-universal-gathering. Matthew 25:32 ('before him will be gathered all the nations') Christologically-extends.
"I will set a sign among them, and from them I will send survivors to the nations — to Tarshish, Put, and Lud (who draw the bow), to Tubal and Javan, to the distant coastlands that have not heard My fame or seen My glory. And they shall declare My glory among the nations."
'And I will set a sign among them. And from them I will send survivors to the nations, to Tarshish, Pul, and Lud, who draw the bow, to Tubal and Javan, to the coastlands far away, that have not heard my fame or seen my glory. And they shall declare my glory among the nations' tracks MT. JAVAN — Greece. The eschatological-mission-to-Greece (Acts 16's-Macedonia-call) Christologically-fulfills.
"And they shall bring all your brothers from all the nations as an offering to the LORD — on horses and in chariots and in wagons, on mules and on camels — to My holy mountain Jerusalem," says the LORD, "just as the sons of Israel bring their grain offering in a clean vessel to the house of the LORD."
'And they shall bring all your brothers from all the nations as an offering to the LORD, on horses and in chariots and in litters and on mules and on dromedaries, to my holy mountain Jerusalem, says the LORD, just as the Israelites bring their grain offering in a clean vessel to the house of the LORD' tracks MT.
"And from them also I will take some for priests and for Levites," says the LORD.
'And some of them also I will take for priests and for Levites, says the LORD' tracks MT. GENTILE-PRIESTS. The most-radical-OT-statement of-Gentile-priestly-inclusion. 1 Peter 2:9 ('a royal priesthood, a holy nation') Christologically-fulfills.
"For as the new heavens and the new earth that I am making shall endure before Me," declares the LORD, "so shall your offspring and your name endure."
'For as the new heavens and the new earth that I make shall remain before me, says the LORD, so shall your offspring and your name remain' tracks MT. // 65:17. New-creation-permanence.
"From new moon to new moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all flesh shall come to worship before Me," says the LORD.
'From new moon to new moon, and from Sabbath to Sabbath, all flesh shall come to worship before me, declares the LORD' tracks MT. ALL-FLESH-WILL-COME-TO-WORSHIP. Universal-worship eschatology.
"And they shall go out and look at the dead bodies of those who rebelled against Me. For their worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be quenched, and they shall be an abhorrence to all flesh."
Masoretic (WLC)
וְיָצְאוּ וְרָאוּ בְּפִגְרֵי הָאֲנָשִׁים הַפֹּשְׁעִים בִּי כִּי תוֹלַעְתָּם לֹא תָמוּת וְאִשָּׁם לֹא תִכְבֶּה וְהָיוּ דֵרָאוֹן לְכָל־בָּשָׂר
And they shall go out and look on the dead bodies of the men who have rebelled against me; for their worm shall not die, their fire shall not be quenched, and they shall be an abhorrence to all flesh
Septuagint (LXX)
καὶ ἐξελεύσονται καὶ ὄψονται τὰ κῶλα τῶν ἀνθρώπων τῶν παραβεβηκότων ἐν ἐμοί ὁ γὰρ σκώληξ αὐτῶν οὐ τελευτήσει καὶ τὸ πῦρ αὐτῶν οὐ σβεσθήσεται καὶ ἔσονται εἰς ὅρασιν πάσῃ σαρκί
And they shall go forth and see the carcasses of the men who have transgressed against me; for their worm shall not die, and their fire shall not be quenched, and they shall be a spectacle to all flesh
MARK 9:48 CITATION. Jesus cites this verse VERBATIM at Mark 9:48 (in-his-Gehenna-warning): 'where THEIR WORM DOES NOT DIE AND THE FIRE IS NOT QUENCHED (hopou ho skōlēx autōn ou teleutā kai to pyr ou sbennytai).' Mark 9:48 cites the LXX verbatim. Mark 9:43–48 thrice-repeats the formula. The Hinnom-Valley-Tophet (Gehenna) imagery becomes-Jesus' standard-eschatological-judgment vocabulary. The book of-Isaiah closes with-the-eschatological-judgment-warning that-becomes-standardized in-Jesus' teaching.