Jubilees / Chapter 9

Jubilees 9

15 verses • Ge'ez (Ethiopic) 1 tradition available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

The specific territorial allotments for the sons of Shem, Ham, and Japheth are detailed. Each grandson of Noah receives a defined portion of the earth. The chapter concludes with a solemn oath: any son who encroaches on another's territory will be cursed. This oath becomes the legal basis for condemning Canaan's later seizure of the land promised to Shem.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

The chapter reads like an ancient land deed — precise, formal, and legally binding. The curse against territorial encroachment (vv. 14-15) is the legal foundation for Jubilees' claim that Canaan illegally seized the land later promised to Abraham. The Canaanites are not merely conquered peoples but illegal occupants of Shem's inheritance. This transforms the Israelite conquest from aggression into legal recovery.

Translation Friction

The geographic specificity creates problems when attempts are made to map these territories onto actual geography. The curse formula has been used historically to justify dispossession, a sensitive issue in reception history.

Connections

Genesis 10 (Table of Nations); Genesis 9:25-27 (curse of Canaan); Joshua 1-12 (conquest of Canaan as recovery of Shem's land); 1 Enoch 89-90 (nations as animals); Deuteronomy 32:8-9 (God dividing nations).

Jubilees 9:1

Ge'ez

Ham divided his territory among his sons. The first portion fell to Cush toward the east, the next to Mizraim to his west, the next to Put to his west, and the westernmost portion on the sea fell to Canaan.

REF And Ham divided amongst his sons, and the first portion came forth for Cush towards the east, and to the west of him for Mizraim, and to the west of him for Put, and to the west of him [and to the west thereof] on the sea for Canaan.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Ham's four sons receive adjacent territories running east to west: Cush (Ethiopia/Nubia), Mizraim (Egypt), Put (Libya), Canaan (the coastal lands). Canaan's portion is explicitly on the western coast — NOT in the land that bears his name in the Bible.
Jubilees 9:2

Ge'ez

Shem also divided among his sons. The first portion fell to Elam and his sons — east of the river Tigris extending eastward, the whole land of India and the Red Sea on its coast, the waters of Dedan, all the mountains of Mebri and Ela, the whole land of Susa, and everything on the side of Pharnak to the Red Sea and the river Tina.

REF And Shem also divided amongst his sons; and the first portion came forth for Elam and his sons, to the east of the river Tigris till it approaches the east, the whole land of India, and on the Red Sea on its coast, and the waters of the Dedan, and all the mountains of Mebri and Ela, and all the land of Susan and all that is on the side of Pharnak to the Red Sea and the river Tina.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Elam receives the easternmost territory — Persia and beyond to India. The geography moves from east to west through Shem's sons.
Jubilees 9:3

Ge'ez

The second portion fell to Asshur — all the land of Assyria and Nineveh and Shinar, extending to the border of India. It ascends and follows the river.

REF And for Asshur came forth the second portion, all the land of Asshur and Nineveh and Shinar and to the border of India, and it ascends and skirts the river.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Assyria receives Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent's heartland, including Shinar (Babylon's region from Genesis 11:2).
Jubilees 9:4

Ge'ez

The third portion fell to Arpachshad — all the land of the Chaldean region east of the Euphrates, bordering the Red Sea, all the waters of the desert near the bay that faces Egypt, all the land of Lebanon and Senir and Amana, to the border of the Euphrates.

REF And for Arpachshad came forth the third portion, all the land of the region of the Chaldees to the east of the Euphrates, bordering on the Red Sea, and all the waters of the desert close to the tongue of the sea which looks towards Egypt, all the land of Lebanon and Sanir and 'Amana to the border of the Euphrates.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Arpachshad — Abraham's ancestor — receives the territory that includes the future land of Israel (Lebanon, the region near Egypt). This is the key allotment: Abraham's descendants have a primordial right to this land through Arpachshad's inheritance from Shem.
Jubilees 9:5

Ge'ez

The fourth portion fell to Aram — all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates, north of the Chaldeans, to the border of the mountains of Assyria and the land of Arara.

REF And for Aram there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Aram receives upper Mesopotamia — the region later called Aram-Naharaim ('Aram of the Two Rivers'), Abraham's ancestral homeland.
Jubilees 9:6

Ge'ez

The fifth portion fell to Lud — the mountains of Assyria and everything belonging to them, extending to the great sea and to the east of Asshur his brother's territory.

REF And for Lud there came forth the fifth portion, the mountains of Asshur and all appertaining to them till it reaches the Great Sea, and till it reaches the east of Asshur his brother.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Lud (Lydia) receives the mountainous terrain of Anatolia/Asia Minor — the bridge between Shem's and Japheth's territories.
Jubilees 9:7

Ge'ez

Japheth also divided his inherited land among his sons.

REF And Japheth also divided the land of his inheritance amongst his sons.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The third and final division — Japheth's northern territory is apportioned.
Jubilees 9:8

Ge'ez

The first portion fell to Gomer — eastward from the north side to the river Tina. In the north, the portion for Magog encompassed all the interior regions of the north until it reaches the Sea of Maat.

REF The first portion came forth for Gomer to the east from the north side to the river Tina; and in the north there came forth for Magog all the inner portions of the north till it reaches to the sea of Me'at.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Gomer and Magog receive the northernmost territories — the regions later identified with the Scythians and the Gog-Magog prophecies of Ezekiel 38-39.
Jubilees 9:9

Ge'ez

Madai's portion was from the west of his two brothers' territories to the islands and to the coasts of the islands.

REF And for Madai came forth as his portion that he should possess from the west of his two brothers to the islands, and to the coasts of the islands.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Madai (Media) receives the island-dotted coastlands — possibly the Aegean and Mediterranean islands.
Jubilees 9:10

Ge'ez

The fourth portion fell to Javan — every island and the islands toward the border of Lud.

REF And for Javan came forth the fourth portion, every island and the islands which are towards the border of Lud.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Javan (Ionia/Greece) receives the islands — the Greek archipelago and Mediterranean coast. Javan is consistently identified with Greece in biblical tradition (Daniel 8:21, 10:20).
Jubilees 9:11

Ge'ez

The fifth portion fell to Tubal — in the middle of the bay approaching the border of Lud's portion, to the second bay, into the region beyond the second bay to the third bay.

REF And for Tubal there came forth the fifth portion in the midst of the tongue which approaches towards the border of the portion of Lud to the second tongue, to the region beyond the second tongue unto the third tongue.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Tubal's territory is defined by bays/peninsulas — possibly the Black Sea coast and Anatolia. The geographic descriptions become increasingly difficult to identify precisely.
Jubilees 9:12

Ge'ez

The sixth portion fell to Meshech — all the region beyond the third bay, extending to the east of Gadir.

REF And for Meshech came forth the sixth portion, all the region beyond the third tongue till it reaches to the east of Gadir.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Meshech receives the far western portion of the northern lands. Together with Tubal, Meshech appears in Ezekiel 38:2-3 as part of Gog's alliance.
Jubilees 9:13

Ge'ez

The seventh portion fell to Tiras — four great islands in the midst of the sea, which extend toward Ham's territory. The islands of Kamaturi came out by lot for the sons of Arpachshad as his inheritance.

REF And for Tiras there came forth the seventh portion, four great islands in the midst of the sea, which reach to the portion of Ham [and the islands of Kamaturi came out by lot for the sons of Arpachshad as his inheritance].

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Tiras receives major islands — possibly Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, and one other. The note about Kamaturi islands going to Arpachshad adds a detail about Shem's line inheriting maritime territory.
Jubilees 9:14

Ge'ez

In this way Noah's sons divided the land among their own sons in the presence of their father Noah. He bound them all by an oath, pronouncing a curse on anyone who sought to seize a portion that had not fallen to him by lot.

REF And thus the sons of Noah divided unto their sons in the presence of Noah their father, and he bound them all by an oath, imprecating a curse on every one that sought to seize the portion which had not fallen (to him) by his lot.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The oath transforms the division from a family arrangement into a binding covenant. To violate territorial boundaries is to incur a curse — this becomes the legal basis for condemning Canaan's later encroachment into Shem's territory.
Jubilees 9:15

Ge'ez

They all said, 'So be it! So be it!' — for themselves and their sons forever throughout their generations until the day of judgment, when the LORD God will judge them with sword and fire for all the unclean wickedness of their errors, with which they have filled the earth with transgression, impurity, immorality, and sin.

REF And they all said, 'So be it; so be it' for themselves and their sons for ever throughout their generations till the day of judgment, on which the Lord God shall judge them with a sword and with fire for all the unclean wickedness of their errors, wherewith they have filled the earth with transgression and uncleanness and fornication and sin.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The oath is unanimous and binding until the final judgment. The curse formula anticipates the very sins it prohibits — as if the oath-takers already know their descendants will violate it. This is Jubilees' tragic realism: covenants are made, oaths are sworn, and they are broken nonetheless.